Condensed Sectional Sono II Final Exam

Includes Thyroid, Male Reproduction, Peripheral Arterial Vasc., Cerebrovascular, Role of Sono in OB, First Trimester, Second and Third Trimester Pt1 &2, Peritoneal Cavity, Retroperitoneal Cavity, and Neurosongraphy Slides

what three hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

thyroxine(T4), triiodothyronine(T3), and calcitonin

what layer of connective tissue surrounds the thyroid gland

false thyroid capsule (pretracheal fascia)

what layer of connective tissue is adherent to surface of the thyroid gland

true thyroid capsule

what are the 3 strap muscles

sternothyroid, sternohyoid, and omohyoid

what muscle is the large bulk muscle anterior/lateral to the thyroid

sternocleidomastoid

what gorup of muscles are anterior to the thyroid

strap muscles

what muscle is posterior/lateral to each lobe of the thyroid

longus colli

what supplies the thyroid with blood

superior and inferior thyroid arteries

what regulates the secretion of the thyroid hormones

hypothalamus and pituitary gland

which hormone makes up 90% of all secretion by the thyroid

thyroxine (T4)

what is a pyramid lobe in relation to the thyroid

accessory lobe superior to isthmus

what does T3 and T4 effect

metabolic rate

what hormone stimulated by the pituitary gland controls thyroid secretion

thyroid stimulating hormone

what kind of thyroid cells secrete calcitonin

C cells (parafollicular cells)

what is the primary function of calcitonin

decrease blood calcium levels (prevents hypercalcemia)

what is needed in order for normal quantities of thyroxine to be present

iodine (100-200mg per week)

whats another name for normal thyroid producing the correct amount of thyroid hormone

euthyroid

what controls the factor that regulates TSH

basal metabolic rate

what are cold nodules of the thyroid

dont absorb iodine

what are hot nodules of the thyroid

absorb iodine (functioning nodules)

where are parathyroids located in relation to the thyroid

posterior

what do parathyroid glans secrete

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and parathormone

where does parathyroid hormone (PTH) come from

parathyroid gland (NOT the pituitary gland)

what is the primary function of hormones secreted by the parathyroid

maintain homeostasis of blood calcium

an increase of serum calcium levels related to a ______ in parathyroid activity

decrease

what are the 3 groups of salivary glands

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

what is the largest of the salviary glands

parotid

what is the group of structures in the chest/thorax surrounded by CT, lying betwen the lungs called

mediastinum

when does the thymus gland shrink and get replaced with fat

before puberty (aprox 8 yrs old)

the thymus gland plays a role in early development of what system

immune system

what is the gliding sign

back and forth movement of the lung with respiration

where does the femoral artery terminate

at the opening of adductor magnus muscle

what does PAOD stand for

peripheral arterial occlusive disease

what is claudication

walking induced pain to the hip, thigh, and buttock due to ischemia

what does a bp cuff being too narrow cause

falsely elevated pressure

what does a bp cuff being too loose cause

falsely lower pressure

what does lower ABI values correspond to

worsening PAOD

what does excessively high ABI values correspond to

calcified arteries

where does PAOD reduce flow energy

distal to lesion

what does PVR stand for

pulse volume recording

which CCA is usually longer

left CCA (b/c it originates from the aortic arch)

which is the smaller of the two terminal branches of the CCA

ECA

how long do symptoms of TIAs last

resolve within 24 hours

how long do symptoms of CVAs last

permanent neurological deficits

how long do symptoms of RIND last

24-72 hours

what does RIND stand for

reversible ischemic neurologic deficits

what symptoms are associated with carotid artery lesions

paralysis, paresthesia, dysphasia/aphasia, amaurosis fugax

what is parethesia

numbness

what is dysphasia or aphasia

difficulty speaking

what is amaurosis fugax

loss of vision in one or both eyes

what symptoms are associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency

dizziness, diplopia, ataxia

what is diplopia

double vision

what is ataxia

poor muscle control

ECA spectral waveform will oscillate with what maneuver

temporal tap

what kind of plaque does this describe: mixed echogenicity, calcification, and acoustic shadowing

heterogenous plaque

what kind of plaque does this describe: thickened areas of intimal-medial layer, fibrous cap may form between plaque and lumen

smooth homogenous plaque

where does plaque in the carotid arteries usually occur

CCA bifurcation

where is the string sign most commonly found

ICA

what vein system in the legs is more likely to have a thrombus thay becomes a life-threatening pulmonary embolism

deep veins

what are the veins that connect the superficial veins to the deep veins called

perforators

virchow’s triad

venous stasis, vessel wall injury, hypercoaguablity (primary mechanism for venous thrombosis)

where do venous thrombi commonly begin in the leg

valves in the calf

how does fresh clot usually appear

anechoic

what is characteristics are related to acute thrombus

fresh clot is anechoic, lightly echogenic or hypoechoic, poorly attached to vessel wall, spongy texture, and when vein is totally obstructed it will dilate

what is characteristics are related to chronic thrombus

brightly echogenic/hyperechoic, well attached to vessel wall, rigid texture, when vein is totally obstructed the vein will contract, large collaterals

by what month are the testicles fully descended through the inguinal canal to the scrotum

seventh

what muscle surrounds each testicle and extends into the abdomen over the spermatic cord

cremaster muslce

what is contained within the scrotum

testes and epididymis

what divides the scrotum externally into lateral portions

median raphe

what divides the scrotum internally

tunica dartos

where is the tunica vaginalis parietal

lines the scrotum

where is the tunica vaginalis visceral

surrounds testicle and epididymis

where is the tunica albuginea

deep to visceral layer, surrounds testicle

what extends into the posterior wall of the testicle to form the mediastinum testis

tunica albuginea

what is it called when tunica vaginalis surrounds testicle completely and the testicle is not attached to the scrotal wall torsion can result

bell clapper deformity

where do hydroceles form

between layers of tunica vaginalis

what converges to form the rete testes

seminiferous tubules

where do the rete testes empty into

efferent ducts

where does the appendix testis attach to

upper pole

what is a torse appendix testis called

scrotal pearl

where does the spermatic cord located

extends from scrotum through inguinal canal

how do the testicles get their blood supply

testicular a > capsular a > centripetal a > recurrent rami (centrifugal a)

how do the testicles drain their blood supply

veins of the pampiniform plexus (splits into testicluar v, deferential v, and cremasteric v)

what is an undescended testicle called

cryptorchidism

what is an absence of a testicle called

anorchia

what is testicular duplication called

polyorchidism

which part of the prostate is most inferior

apex

which part of the prostate is most superior

base

what is PSA

serum prostatic specific antigen

what does PSA evaluate

function of the prostate

thick fibrous envelope and loosley applied covering of skin superficial to tunica albuginea

bucks fascia

what does IUGR stand for

intrauterine growth restriction

G5P3112

5th pregnancy, 3 full term deliveries, 1 premature or stillborn, 1early pregnancy loss or abortion, 2 living children

first trimester timing

0 - 13 wks 6 days

second trimester timing

14 wks - 26 wks and 6 days

third trimester timing

27 wks - until term

what does EED stand for

estimated date of delivery

Nagele’s Rule

EDD = LMP - 3 months + 7 days

what does hCG

human chorionic gonadatropin

what does AFP stand for

alpha fetoprotein