bio

stages of the cell cycle

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

prophase

this is the first stage is mitosis, the cell prepares for division by condensing chromatin (loose genetic material) into visible chromosomes and the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form to separate the DNA.

metaphase

chromosomes align on the metaphase plate in the centre of the eukaryotic cell

eukaryotic cell

cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles - which houses dna

prokaryotic cell

cell that does NOt have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. It is typically smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells.

anaphase

stage in mitosis where the chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell, so that each new cell recieves an identical set of chromosomes

telophase

final stage of mitosis where chromosome have reached the opposite poles of the cell and begin to decondense back into chromatin. two nuclei in one cell because reformation of nuclear envelope around set of chromosomes.

interphase

part of cell cycle where cell is not actually dividing. cell grows and performs its normal functions, replicates dna to prepare for division.

cytokinesis

where one cell physically splits into two separate daughter cells. It usually happens right after mitosis - The cell’s cytoplasm divides

• Each new cell gets its own membrane and organelles

• Result: two identical cells (in mitosis)

cell theory

all living things are made up of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, All cells come from pre-existing cells.

cell cycle

interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

osmosis

the movement of solvent molecules through a permeable membrane - usually through water

diffusion

movement of particles or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the cell expending energy.

active transport

cells use energy (usually ATP) to move molecules or ions across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient

facilitated transport

the passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

hypotonic

LOW concentration of solutes such as salt or sugar

hypertonic

HIGH concentration of solutes, typically causing water to flow out of cells via osmosis

isotonic

having the same concentration of solutes (like salt and sugar) as another fluid, such as your blood or cell interiors - no net movement of water

solute

dissolved in a liquid or gas (the solvent) to create a homogeneous mixture

solvent

substance (usually a liquid) that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution

water potential

measure of the potential energy of water in a system compared to pure water, dictating the direction of water movement.