H7: The Romans - From Farming Village to Great Empire

Vocabulary flashcards covering the development of Rome from farming settlements to a great empire, including social structures, political institutions, and methods of control.

Neolithic revolution

The transition from a society of hunter-gatherers with a nomadic lifestyle to a society of people living in settlements (sedentarism) who practiced agriculture and animal husbandry.

Nomads

People who move regularly depending on seasons and food sources, without having permanent homes.

Sedentary

People who stay in one place, build permanent houses, and are usually dependent on agriculture for food without regular movement.

City-state

Cities or towns that function as independent states with their own government, laws, and control over their own territory.

Imperialism

The striving to conquer and control increasingly larger parts of the world.

Loot (Buit)

Goods, money, or other valuables obtained through theft, plundering, or as a reward for victory in a competition.

Mare Nostrum

Latin for 'Our Sea'; the name Romans gave the Mediterranean Sea from the $1^{\text{ste}}$ century v.C. because they controlled all its coastal areas.

Divide et Impera (Verdeel en heers)

A Roman control method where conquered areas were treated differently, giving some more rights than others to prevent them from conspiring against Rome.

Pater familias

The male head of the Roman family who served as judge, priest, and boss of the household.

Mater familias

The practical organizer of the household and the educator of the small children.

Patriarchal society

A system where men hold most of the power and influence, and power is passed from father to son, often leaving women with fewer opportunities and rights.

Clientes

Poor Romans who sought support and protection from a wealthy patronus in exchange for doing chores and voting for them in politics.

Patronus

A wealthy pater familias who provided support and protection to poor citizens (clientes).

Standenmaatschappij (Class society)

A society where rights and duties are determined by the social group or class (stand) to which one belongs, with unequal rights between different classes.

Patricians

Wealthy large-scale landowners who had significant political influence in Rome.

Plebeians

The 'common' Roman citizens who originally had very little political influence.

Res Publica

Literally 'the public matter'; refers to the common interests (such as war, order, and laws) that concern all families.

Senate (Senaat)

An advisory body of $300$ to $600$ members, including patricians and ex-magistrates, who proposed laws and controlled finances.

People's Assembly (Volksvergadering)

A legislative body of all citizens that voted on laws, decided on war and peace, and elected magistrates.

Magistrates

Elected citizens who held executive and judicial power; they were ordered in a hierarchy and served for limited terms.

Consul

The head of the Republic; there were always $2$ consuls elected for a $1$-year term to lead the state, command the army, and preside over meetings.

Dictator

A political leader with unlimited power appointed only during emergencies for a maximum of $6$ months.

Republiek (Republic)

A form of government where the head of state is a person or group elected by the people, usually for a limited period of time.

Koninkrijk (Kingdom)

A form of government with a hereditary king as head of state who rules for life.