(4) RESEARCH METHODS AND STATISTICS

RESEARCH DESIGNS

provide the overarching framework for a study, dictating how data will be collected and analyzed

Experimental Design

establish robust cause-and-effect relationships between variables by manipulating one or more independent variables and observing their impact on a dependent variable

Quasi-Experimental Design

infer cause-and-effect relationships when true random assignment is not feasible or ethical, such as in real-world educational or clinical settings where intact groups must be used

Correlational Design

quantify the strength and direction of relationships or associations between two or more variables as they naturally occur, without any intervention or manipulation by the researcher

Survey Design

gather data from a sample of individuals, often large, through questionnaires or interviews, in order to describe the characteristics, opinions, or behaviors of a larger population

Longitudinal Design

observe and track changes or developments within the same individuals or groups over an extended period, allowing for the study of developmental trends, stability, and long-term effects

Cross-Sectional Design

gather data from a distinct sample of individuals or groups at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of a phenomenon or population characteristics at that specific moment