FINAL EXAM - COM 112 Julie Mayberry NCSU Fall 2018 - Vocab

Asynchronous Communication

Communication such as email in which the message and the response do not occur at the same time

Channel

The means by which a message is communicated

Cognitive Complexity

The ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

Communication

The imparting or exchanging of information or news

Communication Competence

The ability to take part in effective and appropriate communication that is characterized by skills and understandings that enable communicators to exchange messages successfully

Content Dimension (of a message)

The information being explicitly discussed

Disinhibition

The tendency to transmit messages without considering their consequences

Environment (contexts)

Fields of experience that help them make sense of others' behavior

Feedback

The receiver's response to a message

Hyperpersonal Communication

Accelerating the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens in face-to-face interaction

Interpersonal Communication

The exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people

Leanness

Messages that carry less information due to a lack of nonverbal cues

Masspersonal Communication

Communication involving the use of a traditionally mass communication channel for interpersonal interactions, or vice versa

Mediated Communication

Any communication that is carried out using some channel other than those used in face-to-face communication

Multimodality

The ability and willingness to use multiple channels of communication

Noise (external, physiological, and psychological)

Anything that interferes with the transmission and reception of a message

Relational Dimension (of a message)

The dimension of a message that expresses the social relationship between two or more individuals

Richness

The abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message

Self-Monitoring

Awareness of one's behavior and how it affects others

Social Media

All the communication channels that allow community-based input, interaction, content sharing, and collaboration

Synchronous Communication

Two-way communication that occurs in real time

Transactional communication

The dynamic process in which communicators create meaning together through interaction

Achievement Culture

Societies that place a high value on material success and a focus on the task at hand

Co-Culture

A culture that exists within a larger cultural context

Code-switching

A form of communication competence that increases the chances of achieving your goals

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

Ethnicity

The degree to which a person identifies with a particular group, usually on the basis of nationality, culture, or some other unifying perspective

Ethnocentrism

Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

High-Context Culture

A culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the situation or location

Individualistic Culture

A culture that emphasizes individuality and responsibility to oneself

In-Group

Groups with which we identify

Intercultural Communication

The process that occurs when members of two or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and nonverbal

Intersectionality

The interplay of social categories, including gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and disability status

Low-Context Culture

A culture in which verbal communication is expected to be explicit and is often interpreted literally

Nurturing Culture

Regards the support of relationships as an especially important goal

Out-Group

Any group with which an individual does not identify

Power Distance

The degree to which members of a society accept an unequal distribution of power

Prejudice

An unfairly biased and intolerant attitude toward others who belong to an out-group

Race

A construct originally created to explain differences between people by ancestry

Salience

Describes how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon

Social Identity

The part of the self-concept that is based on membership in groups

Uncertainty Avoidance

The levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them

Benevolent Lie

A lie that is not considered malicious by the person who tells it

Equivocation

Statements that are not literally false but cleverly avoid an unpleasant truth

Face

The socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present

Facework

the verbal and nonverbal ways in which we act to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others

Impression Management

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

Johari Window

A model that describes the relationship between self-disclosure and self-awareness

Lie

A deliberate attempt to hide or misrepresent the truth

Perceived Self

The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination

Presenting Self

The image a person wants to present to others

Privacy Management

The choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves

Reference Groups

Others against whom we evaluate our own characteristics

Reflected Appraisal

A mirroring of the judgments of those around you

Self-Concept

The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of himself or herself

Self-Disclosure

The act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Self-Esteem

How much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

An expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true

Significant Other

A person whose evaluations are especially influential

Social Comparison

Evaluating ourselves in comparison to others

Social Penetration Model

Describes relationships in terms of breadth and depth of self-disclosure

Androgynous

A person with relatively equal masculine and feminine characteristics

Attribution

The process of attaching meaning to behavior

Confirmation Bias

A tendency to seek out and organize our impressions to support that opinion

Empathy

The ability to recreate another's perspective, to experience the world from their point of view

First-order Realities

Physically observable qualities of a thing or situation

Second-order Realities

Attaching meaning to first order things or solutions

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency to give more weight to personal qualities than to the situation when making attributions

Gender

The social and psychological dimensions of masculine and feminine behavior

Primary Effect

Tendency to pay more attention to things that happen first in a sequence

Halo Effect

The tendency to form an overall positive impression of someone on the basis of one positive characteristic

Horns Effect

Occurs when a negative appraisal adversely influences the perceptions that follow

Interpretation

The action of explaining the meaning of something

Narrative

The stories we use to describe our personal worlds

Negotiation

The process by which communicators influence each other's perceptions

Organization

Arranging information in some meaningful way

Perception Checking

A skill that provides a better way to review your assumptions and to share your interpretations

Punctuation

The determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions

Selection

Determining which data we will attend to

Self-Serving bias

Blaming external forces for poor performance, and giving yourself credit for successful performance

Standpoint Theory

How a person's position in society shapes their view of society in general

Stereotyping

Exaggerated beliefs associated with a categorizing system

Ambiguous Language

Words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition

Assertiveness

Clearly expressing thoughts, feelings, and wants

"But" statements

A statement in which the word 'but' cancels out the expression preceding it

"It" statements

Replace the pronouns "i" and "me" with the less immediate construction ___

Convergence

The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to identify

Divergence

Speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences

Euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Evaluative Language

Seems to describe something but really announces the speaker's attitude towards it

"You" language

Expresses a judgement of the other person (can be perceived as an attack)

"I" language

Clearly identifies the speaker as the source of a message

"We" language

Implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of a message

Linguistic Relativity

Idea that language both reflects and shapes the worldview of those who use it

Phonological Rules

Govern how sounds are combined to form words

Politeness

Communicating in ways that save face for both senders and receivers

Powerful language

Direct and forceful word choices with declarations and assertions

Powerless language

Tentative and indirect word choices with hedges and hesitations

Pragmatic Rules

Tell us what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in a given context

Racist language

Reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior to another