UNIT 13 (FOCUS UNIT)

What is considered the most complicated bony structure in the human body

the skull

how many bones composes the skull

28

how many pairs of bones are in the skull

11 paired bones

how many single bones are in the skull

6 single bones

what are Wormian (sutural) bones

irregularly shaped small bones found along natural sutures

what is the most important function of the skull

protection of the brain

which 5 organs of special sense are protected by the skull

• olfactory

• vision

• taste

• vestibular function

• auditory function

what are the divisions of the skull

• regional or developments

what are the regional divisions of the skull

mandible

cranium

what structures are included in the cranium regionally (5)

cranial vault (calvaria)

cranial base

cranial cavity

facial skeleton

acoustic skeleton

what are the developmental divisions of the skull

• neurocranium

• viscerocranium

what is the neurocranium

developmental division of the skull that protects the brain and organs of special sense

what is the Viscerocranium

developmental division of the skull related to the digestive and respiratory systems

CRANIAL CAVITY DIVISIONS

what are the 3 cranial fossae

• anterior cranial fossa

• middle cranial fossa

• posterior cranial fossa

CRANIAL CAVITY DIVISIONS

what does the anterior cranial fossa contain (lobe)

frontal lobe

CRANIAL CAVITY DIVISIONS

what lobe does the middle cranial fossa contain

temporal lobe

CRANIAL CAVITY DIVISIONS

what lobe does the posterior cranial fossa contain

cerebellum

NEUROCRANIUM - do practical 1 flashcards that’s all of the neurocranium

done

neurocranium vs viscerocranium

• temporal bone

• auditory ossicles

• parietal bone

• part of frontal bone

• sphenoid bone

• ethmoid bone - cribriform plate

• occipital bone

which one do these structures relate to

neurocranium

which auditory ossicles are included in the neurocranium

• malleus

• Incus

• Stapes

VISCEROCRANIUM - DO FLASH CARD SET 2

done

viscerocranium vs neurocranium

• orbital parts of frontal bone

• temporal

• sphenoid bone

• ethmoid - expect cribriform plate

• zygomatic bone

• maxilla

• lacrimal bone

• nasal bone

• palatine bone

• vomer

• inferior nasal concha

• mandible

• hyoid

which one is it

viscerocranium

what bone can belong to both the neurocranium and viscerocranium

ethmoid

skull we are gonna do articulation next

done

READ IN EXAM

DONE

what does single mean in anatomy

only one bone usually in the midline of the skull

what does paired mean in anatomy

2 bones one to the left and one to the right

is the frontal bone singular or paired

single

what does the frontal bone articulate with

• parietal

• sphenoid

• zygomatic

• maxilla

• ethmoid

• nasal

• lacrimal

is the parietal bone single or paired

paired

what bones does the parietal bone articulate with

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

temporal bone single or paired

paired

what bones does the temporal bone articulate with

• parietal

• occipital

• sphenoid

• zygomatic

• mandible

is the occipital bone single or paired

single

what bones does the occipital bone articulate with

• parietal

• temporal

• sphenoid

• atlas (C1)

is the sphenoid bone singular or paired

single

what bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

zygomatic

maxilla

ethmoid

palatine

vomer

is the zygomatic bone single or paired

paired

what bones does the zygomatic bone articulate with

frontal

temporal

maxilla

sphenoid

is the maxilla single or paired

paired

what bones does the maxilla articulate with

frontal

sphenoid

zygomatic

maxilla

ethmoid

palatine

vomer

nasal

lacrimal

inferior nasal concha

is the ethmoid bone single or paired

single

what bones does the ethmoid bone articulate with

frontal

sphenoid

maxilla

palatine

vomer

nasal

lacrimal

inferior nasal concha

is the palatine bone paired or single

paired

what bones does the palatine bone articulate with

sphenoid

maxilla

ethmoid

palatine

vomer

inferior nasal concha

is the vomer single or paired

single

what bones does the nasal bone articulate with

sphenoid

maxilla

ethmoid

palatine

is the nasal bone single or paired

paired

what bones does the nasal bone articulate with

frontal

maxilla

nasal

ethmoid

is the lacrimal bone single or paired

paired

what bones does the lacrimal bone articulate with

frontal

maxilla

ethmoid

inferior nasal concha

is the inferior nasal concha single or paired

paired

what bones does the inferior nasal concha articulate with

maxilla

ethmoid

palatine

lacrimal

is the mandible single or paired

single

what bones does the mandible articulate with

temporal

which of the following does NOT articulate with the frontal bone

A. parietal

B. Maxilla

C. mandible

D. ethmoid

C

which bone articulates with the atlas (C1)

1. temporal

2. occipital

3. sphenoid

4. parietal

2

which of the following bones is paired

1. sphenoid

2. ethmoid

3. parietal

4. vomer

3

which bone does not articulate with the temporal bone

1. mandible

2. zygomatic

3. maxilla

4. occipital

3

what bone articulates with the greatest number of bones

1. zygomatic

2. sphenoid

3. nasal

4. vomer

sphenoid

IN EXAM READ

DONE

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN

ENDOCRANIUM VS EXOCRANIUM

• The endocranium is the inside of the skull where the brain sits, so it contains structures like the cranial fossae and internal openings for cranial nerves and blood vessels.

• The exocranium is the outside/inferior surface of the skull, especially the skull base that you can see when looking underneath the skull.

• Many holes in the skull connect the exocranium to the endocranium so nerves and vessels can travel between the brain and the face/body.

done

ENDOCRANIUM

ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

CRIBIFORM PLATE

1

CN I (olfactory nerve)

ENDOCRANIUM

ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

CRIBIFORM PLATE

2

anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

ethmoidal veins

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

OPTICAL CANAL

3

CN II (optic nerve)

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

OPTICAL CANAL

4

ophthalmic artery (from internal carotid artery)

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

5

• CN III (oculomotor)

• CN IV (trochlear)

• CN VI (abducent)

• CN V1 (ophthalmic, lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary)

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

6

superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

FORAMEN ROTUDUM (external opening in pterygopalatine fossa)

7

CN V2 ( maxillary)

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

FORMAEN OVALE

8

CN V3 (mandibular)

lesser petrosal (CN IX)

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

FORMAEN OVALE

9

Accessory meningeal artery

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

FORMAEN SPINOSUM

10

CN V3, recurrent meningeal branch

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

FORMAEN SPINOSUM

11

Accessory meningeal artery

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

CAROTID CANAL

12

Carotid plexus

ENDOCRANIUM

MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

CAROTID CANAL

13

internal carotid artery

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

INTERNAL ACOUCSTIC MEATUS

14

CN VII (facial)

CN VII (vestibulocochlear)

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

INTERNAL ACOUCSTIC MEATUS

15

Labyrinthine artery

Labyrinthine veins

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

JUGULAR FORMAEN

16

CN IX (glossopharyngeal)

CN X (vagus)

CN XI (accessory)

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

JUGULAR FORMAEN

17

• internal jugular vein

• sigmoid sinus

• posterior menigeal artery

• inferior petrosal sinus

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

18

CN XII (hypoglossal)

ENDOCRANIUM

POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL

19

venous plexus of hypoglossal canal

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : INCISIVE CANAL

1

nasopalatine (CN V2)

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : INCISIVE CANAL

2

branch of greater palatine artery

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : GREATER PALATINE FORMAEN

3

Greater palatine (CN V2)

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : GREATER PALATINE FORMAEN

4

greater palatine artery

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : LESSER PALATINE FORMAEN

5

lesser palatine (CN V2)

EXOCRANIUM

OPENING : LESSER PALATINE FORMAEN

6

lesser palatine arteries

SUTURES

what are sutures

connective tissue that fuses 2 bones of the cranium

SUTURES

what is synostosis

fusion of cranial bones along sutures

BONES OF THE NEUROCRANIUM (IMPORTANT)

what is the typical stratification of cranial bones from outside to inside

• outer table

• diploe

• inner table

look

done

FRONTAL BONE

is this singe or paired

single bone

FRONTAL BONE

why is the frontal bone considered important in skull divisions

it is the transition of the neurocranium and visceocranium

FRONTAL BONE

what type of ossification odes the frontal bone have

intramembranous ossification

FRONTAL BONE

which paranasal sinus is found in the frontal bone

frontal paranasal sinus

FRONTAL BONE

which bones does the frontal bone articulate with

• parietal

• sphenoid

• zygomatic

• maxilla

• ethmoid

• nasal

• lacrimal

FRONTAL BONE

into how many parts can the frontal bone be divided

3

FRONTAL BONE

what are the 3 parts of the frontal bone

• squamous portion

• orbital portion

• nasal portion