Development and Learning Vocabulary

Flashcards covering key vocabulary for the Erik Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development, Classical and Operant Conditioning

Psychosocial Development

Erik Erikson’s theory that people pass through stages involving a crisis that has to be successfully resolved.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage (Infant - 18 months) which Virtue Developed is Hope with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Trust vs Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Erikson's second stage (18 months - 3 years) which Virtue Developed is Will with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage (3-5 years) which Virtue Developed is Purpose with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Initiative vs Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth stage (5-13 years) which Virtue Developed is Competency with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Industry vs Inferiority

Identity vs. Confusion

Erikson's fifth stage (13-21 years) which Virtue Developed is Fidelity with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Identity vs Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's sixth stage (21-39 years) which Virtue Developed is Love with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Intimacy vs Isolation

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's seventh stage (40-65 years) which Virtue Developed is Care with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Generativity vs Stagnation

Integrity vs. Despair

Erikson's eighth stage (65 and older) which Virtue Developed is Wisdom with Psychosocial Crisis/Task of Integrity vs Despair

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Potentially traumatic events including physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, witnessing domestic violence, or experiencing poverty; any stressful or harmful experience that can negatively impact a child's development.

Social Identity

A person's membership in a social group. This could be self-selected or assigned at birth.

Behaviorism

A psychological theory that focuses on observable and measurable behaviors as the basis for understanding human and animal behavior, shaped by environmental factors (rewards and punishments) rather than cognitive processes.

Associative Learning

A learning situation when two stimuli become linked, so that a second stimulus is associated with the same events and situations as the first stimulus.

Central Route to Persuasion

Persuasion involving high effort where audience is motivated and analytical and evaluates the persuasive message, leading to lasting change in attitude.

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

Persuasion involving low effort where audience is not motivated and not analytical and is persuaded by cues outside of the persuasive message, leading to temporary change in attitude.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process in which an association is made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

Higher-Order Conditioning

Occurs when a second conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an initial conditioned stimulus and evokes an unconditioned response by itself.

Acquisition

Happens when the pairing of natural, unconditioned stimuli and neutral stimuli have occurred often enough that the neutral stimuli elicits the conditioned response by itself.

Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Stimulus Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Contingency Model

Conditioning is contingent upon one event reliably predicting another.

Counterconditioning

A therapeutic technique that replaces an undesired behavior with a more positive or desired response through principles of behavioral conditioning.

Learned Taste Aversions (Garcia Effect)

When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong, even when food and sickness are hours apart; food must be salient (noticeable).

One Trial Learning (OTL)

Involves a change in behavior that occurs with only 1 powerful experience.

Habituation

The decreased response that occurs as a result of repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

Learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior, where an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Law of Effect

Responses (a behavior) closely followed by satisfaction (a reward) will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated.

Positive Reinforcement

Adding something to encourage a behavior.

Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unfavorable to encourage a behavior.

Positive Punishment

Adding something to discourage a behavior.

Negative Punishment

Removing something to discourage a behavior.

Primary Reinforcers

Things we need: food, water, warmth, & sex.

Secondary Reinforcers

Things we want: praise & money.

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement after a specific number of responses. For example, For every 5 grades over 90% a kid gets on their report card, the parents give her $25. The ratio is 5:1.

Variable Ratio Schedule

Reinforcement happens after a varying number of responses on average, instead of set number.

Fixed Interval Schedule

Reinforcement happens only if a set time period has gone by.

Variable Interval Schedule

Reinforcement varies instead of being experienced at a set time.

Latent Learning

Learning that happens without any reinforcement and is not demonstrated until there’s a reason to.