Application of Forces & Transfer of Energy

Flashcards covering key vocabulary related to the application of forces and transfer of energy, including types of forces, pressure, work, energy types, conservation of energy, and energy sources from lecture notes.

Tropical Cyclones

Intense storms that begin over warm oceans in tropical regions, accompanied by heavy rain and strong winds, leading to flooding and landslides.

Earthquake

A phenomenon caused by the force exerted when Earth's solid rock plates slide over or against each other.

Volcanic Eruption

Movement of the earth when magma is pushed out towards the surface, releasing magma, volcanic ash, and gases.

Tsunami

Powerful waves triggered by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that occur beneath the ocean, capable of reaching great heights.

Force

A 'push' or a 'pull' that can be produced by objects touching or acting without contact.

Contact Forces

Forces acting between two objects that are in physical contact with each other, such as friction and elastic force.

Friction

The force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.

Elastic Force

The force acting on a stretched or compressed elastic object to return it to its original shape.

Non-Contact Forces

Forces acting between two objects that are not touching each other, such as gravitational force and magnetic force.

Gravitational Force

The force that attracts two objects towards each other, causing objects to have weight.

Magnetic Force

The force exerted between a magnet and another magnet or magnetic material like iron and steel.

Mass

The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), and remains constant regardless of location.

Weight

The measure of the gravitational force acting on an object, measured in newtons (N), and changes depending on gravitational field strength.

Pressure

The force acting per unit contact area; calculated as Force / Contact area, measured in Pascals (Pa) or N/m².

Liquid Pressure

Pressure that increases with depth in a liquid, due to the amount of water above a given point.

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure exerted by the thick layer of air particles in Earth's atmosphere pushing down on objects.

Work Done

An example of energy transfer that occurs when an object moves in the direction of an applied force, measured in joules (J).

Energy

The ability to do work, measured in joules (J).

Kinetic Energy (KE)

Energy a body possesses due to its motion; the faster the speed, the greater the kinetic energy.

Potential Energy (PE)

Energy stored in an object due to its position, state, or shape, existing in forms like elastic, chemical, and gravitational.

Elastic Potential Energy (EPE)

Energy stored in a compressed or stretched elastic object, such as a rubber band or spring.

Chemical Potential Energy (CPE)

Energy stored in fuels, batteries, bombs, and food, including in the human body.

Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

Energy possessed by an object due to its height above the ground.

Principle of Conservation of Energy

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another, with the total energy in a system remaining constant.

Non-renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that are limited and will eventually run out, such as fossil fuels.

Renewable Energy Sources

Energy sources that can be sustained or renewed indefinitely, such as solar, hydroelectric, and wind energy.

Fossil Fuels

Non-renewable energy sources formed over millions of years from the remains of dead plants and animals, including crude oil, natural gas, and oil.

Global Warming

An environmental impact of burning fossil fuels, caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere.

Solar Energy

Energy derived from sunlight, converted directly into electrical energy by photovoltaic or solar cells.

Hydroelectric Energy

Electrical energy generated by storing water in a reservoir behind a dam, where the flow of water turns turbines.

Wind Energy

Energy source that converts the kinetic energy of moving air (wind) into electricity by rotating turbines.

Geothermal Energy

Energy derived from hot rocks deep underground in volcanic areas, used to heat water into steam to power turbines.

Biofuels

Fuels usually made from animal waste or plant materials that can be burnt to produce energy, like ethanol from sugarcane or biodiesel from used cooking oil.

Nuclear Energy

Energy harnessed from the nucleus of an atom through nuclear reactions (e.g., uranium splitting), converted to heat and then electrical energy.

Maglev Train

A train that works on the principle of magnetic repulsion between the train and the track to achieve levitation and propulsion.