Chapter one Study Guide:

Psychology

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Behavior

Outward or overt actions and reactions.

Mental processes

Thoughts, feelings, and motives experienced privately that cannot be observed directly.

Cognitive Psychology

Study of perception, learning, memory, language, and problem-solving.

Developmental Psychology

Study of changes in thought and behavior across the lifespan.

Behavioral Neuroscience

Study of the links between brain, mind, and behavior.

Biological Psychology

Study of the connection between bodily systems, chemicals, behavior, and thought.

Personality Psychology

Study of individual uniqueness and consistencies in behavior.

Social Psychology

Study of how the presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

Clinical Psychology

Study of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders and treatments.

Counseling Psychology

Focuses on helping individuals deal with psychological issues.

Health Psychology

Study of psychological factors in physical health and illness.

Educational Psychology

Study of learning, teaching techniques, and school dynamics.

Industrial Psychology

Focuses on selecting, matching, and evaluating employees.

Organizational Psychology

Focuses on worker satisfaction, performance, and productivity.

Sports Psychology

Examines psychological factors affecting sports performance.

Forensic Psychology

Blends psychology, law, and criminal justice.

Shamans medical practice

Treatment of possession by driving out demons.

Trephination medical practice

Drilling holes in the skull to release spirits.

Ancient Egyptians and Greeks

Used narcotics for pain treatment.

Ancient Chinese

Linked bodily organs to emotions.

Emil Kraepelin

Diagnosed dementia and depression.

Psychology Methods of philosophy

Relies on empirical evidence.

Physics

Studies physical properties of light and sound.

Psychophysics

Studies human perceptions of light and sound.

G Stanley. Hall

Founded the American Psychological Association (APA).

Williams James

Founder of American psychology.

Nature

Inborn tendencies and genetically based traits.

Nurture

Experiences shaping behavior.

Evolution

Change in gene frequency over time.

Natural selection

Favors adaptive traits for reproductive success.

Evolutionary psychology

Studies adaptive problems in human behavior.

Critical thinking

Analyzing and evaluating ideas based on evidence.

Metacognitive thinking

Reflecting on one's own thinking process.

Gestalt

German for "whole."

Structuralism

Analyzing consciousness into basic elements.

Functionalism

Focuses on how people adapt and function in the real world.

Gestalt psychology

Focuses on perceptual wholes and patterns.

John B

Father of Behaviorism.

Francis Cecil Summer

First African American to earn a PhD in psychology.

OPTIC

Observe, Predict, Test, Interpret, Communicate (steps in scientific research).

Empirical Research

Analyzing results based on observation.

Central tendency

Mean, Median, and Mode.

Measure of Variability

Range, Variance, and Standard Deviation.

Stanley Milgram

Conducted the study on obedience to authority.