Chapter one Study Guide:

Study Guide:

Psychology: is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Behavior:outward or overt actions and reactions.

Mental processes:thoughts, feelings, and motives experienced privately that cannot be observed directly.

Cognitive Psychology:Study of how we perceive information, learn, remember things, acquire, use languages, and how we solve problems.

Developmental Psychology: Study of how thought and behavior change and show stability across the life span.

Behavioral Neuroscience: study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.

Biological Psychology: study of connections between bodily systems and chemicals, and their relationship to behavior and thought.

Personality Psychology: study of what makes people unique and the consistencies in people’s behavior across time and situations.

Social Psychology: Study of how the real or imagined presence of others influences thought, feeling, and behavior.

Clinical Psychology: study of the treatments of mental, emotional, behavioral disorders, and ways to primates psychological health.

Counseling psychology: Work with less severe psychological disorders: help healthy people deal with life.

Health Psychology: Study of the role that psychological factors play in physical health and illness.

Educational Psychology: study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the dynamics of school populations and the psychology of teaching.

Industrial psychology: focuses on selecting workers, matching employees to jobs, and evaluating job performance.

Organizational psychology: focus is on worker satisfaction, performance, and productivity by examining management styles and work environment.

Sports Psychology:Examines the psychological factors that affect performance and participation in sports and exercise.

Forensic Psychology: field that blends psychology law and criminal justices.

Shamans medical practice: medicine men or womens that treated the possessed by driving out demons.

Trephination medical practice: drilling a small hole in a person skull to release spirits and demons

Ancient Egyptians and greeks: used narcotics to treat pain.

Ancient Chinese: Made connections between bodily organs and emotions.

Emil Kraepelins: diagnoses dementia (schizophrenia) and depression.

Psychology Methods of philosophy: Empirical evidence.

Physics: studies physical properties of light and sound.

Psychophysics: studied human perceptions of light and sound including the relationships between the physical and psychological worlds.

G. Stanley Hall: Founded the APA- American Psychological Association

APA: American Psychological Association.

Williams James: founder of American psychology.

Taught G Stanley Hall and Mary Whiton: G Stanley Hall.

Who taught Francis Cecil Summer, who was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology: G. Stanley Hall.

Seven Perspectives on Psychology: Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic, Behaviorism/Learning, Humanistic/ Positive, Cognitive, social cultural/cross cultural, Neuropsychological/Behavioral Genetic, and Evolutionary.

Nature: inborn Tendencies and genetically based traits

Nurture: experiences, no differences at birth.

Evolution Change over time in frequency of genes.

Natural selection: nature favors one structure/behavior over others through impact on reproductive success.

Evolutionary psychology: studies adaptive problems in human behavior that evolution may have solved for early ancestors.

Critical thinking: ability to analyze, evaluate, and form ideas based on evidence.

Metacognitive thinking: ability to think and then to reflect on one's own things or the oversights of one’s own thinking process.

Gestalt means: whole in german

Brought Structuralism to America:Edward Tichnerner

First Women to earn a Phd in Psychology:Margaret Washburn.

Focused on psychoanalytic theory of mental disorders: Sigmand Freud.

Influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment.

Structuralism: Analyze consciousness into basic elements and study how they are related.

Functionalism: Functions in the real world such as how people adapt, live, work, and play.

Who proposed Functionalism: Willam James.

Gestalt: psychology: interested in how we construct perceptual *wholes by understanding patterns, whole figures

Max Wertheimer: Gestalt Psychology.

Used a dog to demonstrated the conditioned reflex to students: Ivan Pavlov

Develop the “Science of behavior/ Little Albert case study/ Known as the Father of Behaviorism”:John B Watson.

First Reported animal learning experiments: Edward L Thorndike

What are the seven Modern perspectives of psychology: biological, developmental, cognitive, clinical, behavioral, trait, sociocultural.

Who put rats through its paces:B.F Skinner

List how behavior is shaped by culture: Personal Space,Values of education, punctuality, and social norms.

Theory of Evolution:survival of the fittest.

Natural Selection: The most adaptive Characteristics are “selected and Perpetuated to the next Generation.

Selective Adaptation: Genes for the traits that are most useful will become more frequent, thus making survival of species more likely.

Denied academic position because she was Married: Christine Ladd-Franklin.

Francis Summer: Fist African American to receive a Phd in psychology in 1920.

Conducted Hot and cold Rectops in the skin: J. Henry. Alson

Robert Chin: first Chinese American Awarded PhD in psychology.

Efran Sanches-Hidiado is the first Puerto rican awarded a Phd in psychology.

What are the steps to Research for the scientific method in psychology: OPTIC. Observe, Predict,Test, Interpret, Communicate.

Empirical Research: analyze the results.

What are non negotiable parts for the scientific methods in psychology: Theories,hypotheses, test hypothesis, psychological research support or no supper for the original theory, and revised or new theory.

Nature of scienceL Testing ideas regarding the world by observing the world ((collecting Data).

Logic: Tells us how the world shows work not how the world actually works.

Hypothesis: specific, informed, testable predictions, of outcome under particular.

List all research Methodologies: Natural observation, case studies, surveys and questionnaires, correlational research, and experimental research.

What are the disadvantages of Naturalistic Observations: cannot control all variables, possible observer biases or errors.

Disadvantages of Descriptive Methods:Artificial Situation that may result in artificial Behavior.

Disadvantages of surveys/questionnaires: response biases and quality of response.

Positive Correlation: Variables are related in the same direction such as one increases, the other increase; As one decreases, the other decreases

Negative correlation:Variables are related in opposite directions such as one increases, the other decreases.

Correlation does not prove or equal causation; True or false: True.

Control group: Placebo Group

Extraneous Variables:uncontrolled stimuli

Experimental group : Test group

Independent Variable:Variable that is manipulated by the experimenter.

Dependent Variable: Variable that is measured to see the effect of the independent variable.

Double blind Procedure: participants and researchers are unaware of group assignments.

Random Assignments:Subjects must be assigned to groups randomly to avoid “bias”.

Control group:Treated exactly the same as the experimental group but does not receive the “treatment”.

Experimental group: Receives some “treatment “ like getting a drug or Psychotherapy.

How many types of bias are there list: Three. Personal bias. Observer bias, and Expectancy bias.

Central of tendency: Mean, Median, and Mode.

Measure of Variability”:range, Variance, and standard deviation.

Study where subjects thought they were shocking another person to promate learning: Stanley Milgrans