HBio Bones, Muscles, and Anatomical Terms

Anterior/Ventral

Front of body

Posterior/Dorsal

Back of body

Superior

Above/Towards the head

Inferior

Below/Towards the feet

Proximal

Closer to where arm or leg inserts into the body (ONLY ON THE SAME ARM OR LEG)

Distal

Further away from where arm or leg inserts into the body (ONLY ON THE SAME ARM OR LEG)

Medial

Closer to midline/Sagittal plane

Lateral

Further from midline/Sagittal plane

Exoskeleton

Skeleton outside of body (think beetle)

Endoskeleton

Skeleton inside of body (think human)

Bones that form the head and abdomen

Axial Skeleton

Bones that form the limbs

Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton function

Protects internal organs

Appendicular Skeleton function

Motion

Purpose of spongy bone

Flexibility, shock absorption, and bone marrow for red blood cells

Purpose of compact bone

Structural support, strength, and protection

Red Marrow

Produces red blood cells and some white blood cells

Yellow Marrow

Energy reserve

Five Functions of Bones

1. Rigid framework

2. Protects organs

3. Stores minerals (calcium, etc.)

4. Produces white and red blood cells

5. Stores fat

Ball and Socket Function

Full circle (shoulder)

Gliding Joint Function

Slide over another (wrist)

Saddle Joint Function

Rotation and grasping (thumbs)

Hinge Joint Function

Forward and backward (elbow)

Pivot Joint Function

Side to side (neck)

Fixed Joint Function

Prevent movement (cranium)

Tendon

Fibrous connective tissue, muscle to bone

Ligament

Fibrous connective tissue, connects bone to bone

Osteocyte

Living bone cells in the gaps of protein layers

Haversian Canal

Brings nutrients to living bone tissue

Periosteum

Connects blood vessels — nutrients, and nerves — pain/sensation

Epiphyseal Line

Where cells divide and form columns — pushes older cells to the middle (where they die later)

Ossification

Where cartilage forms into bone (when you are a baby)

Separation of abdominal and thoracic cavities

Diaphragm

Cardiac Muscle

Pumps blood (heart)

Skeletal Muscle

Enables bones to move/Motion in general

Smooth Muscle

Moves food through digestive tract, blood vessels, and uterus

How muscles contract

Thick myosin filaments pull thin actin filaments to shorten sarcomeres within muscle fibers

Voluntary Muscles

Muscles you can control

Involuntary Muscles

Muscles you can’t control (heart)

Two parts of muscle pair

Flexor and Extensor

Strain

When a muscle or tendon is stretched too far

How the diaphragm helps you breathe

It contracts and pulls down so air can fill your lungs

5 Properties of Muscle

1. Excitable or Irritable

2. Contractible

3. Extensible

4. Elasticity

5. Adaptability

Hypertrophy

Enlarging the muscle (working out)

Atrophy

Weakening the muscle (paralysis/lack of movement)

Structures in the Integumentary System

Skin, hair, and nails

4 Functions of IS

1. Absorption of Vit. D

2. Keeps bacteria/foreign bodies out

3. Sensation

4. Thermoregulate

Epidermis

Top layer of skin

Dermis

Middle layer of skin

Subcutaneous Tissue

Fat layer

Importance of collagen and keratin to the IS

They provide fundamental structural integrity, strength, and elasticity.

How hair is formed

Produced in follicles located in the skin's dermal layer, where rapidly dividing cells are fed by blood vessels, packed with keratin protein, and die as they are pushed upward