Geography FINAL

Last test, You can do this!! LOCK IN!

South Asia

• includes: Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka

• pretty rural

• lots of people

• arranged marriage is fairly common

India

• capital: New Delhi

• Lots of spices

• Shape of the country is interesting

• Touches China

Pakistan

• very diverse population

Indo-Gangetic Plain

A plain of loose soil that helps people

Monsoon

A seasonal reversal in surface wind direction; associated primarily with South, East, and Southeast Asia

Environmental Challenges

• Air pollution - dry season problem

• Water access - 5% renewable water resources

Ganges River

• sacred river for Hindus

• Longest river in India

• Very polluted

Hinduism

• Dominant religion

• polytheistic

• 33 gods or 330 million gods

• Oldest Religion

• All gods come from one god: Brahman

What is the trinity worship of Hinduism?

Brahma - Creator

Vishnu - Preserver

Shiva - Destroyer

What are the main 4 branches of the Caste System?

1. Brahmins - priests/teachers (Head/mouth)

2. Kshatriyas - warriors and rulers (arms)

3. Vaishyas - farmers, traders & merchants (thighs)

4. Shudras - laborers (feet)

What group were the “outcastes”?

The Dalits - street sweepers, latrine cleaners (not even on Brahma’s body)

Buddhism

• founded by Buddha Shakyamuni - a prince in 624 BC

• There are 4 Noble Truths

• There is also the Eightfold path

What are the 4 Noble Truths?

1. All life is suffering

2. Suffering is caused by selfish desire

3. Suffering ends when desire ends

4. Overcome misery through the eightfold path

What is the Eightfold Path?

1. Right Understanding

2. Right Intent

3. Right Speech

4. Right Action

5. Right Livelihood

6. Right Effort

7. Right Mindfulness

8. Right Concentration

Sikhism

• Founded by Guru Nanak

• Monotheistic

• ~20 million Sikhs

Who are Kesh?

Men let their hair grow long in Sikhism

Jainism

• Most in India

• Originates in India from Mahavira

• Everything has a soul - souls are equal in value

• Self-help religion - not gods or spiritual beings

• Vegetarian

• There are Three Jewels

What are the 3 Jewels in Jainism?

1. Right Belief - seek the truth

2. Right Knowledge - accurate knowledge of universe

3. Right Conduct - harmless life

Great Britain and South Asia

• British gained indirect control of India

• Colonial government - 1858

Sepoy Rebellion

Indian troops rebelled against British

Colonial Cash Crops

Mahatma Gandhi

• lived from 1869-1948

• Hindu

• Western education - lawyer

• Peaceful protests - Dandi Salt March

Mother Teresa

• Real name - Anjeze Gonxhe Bojaxhiu (Albanian-Indian)

• lived from 1910-1977

• Catholic missionary

• Known as St. Terese of Calcutta

• Worked with poor

• raised funds for hospice

Caste System

social hierarchy

Vedas

collection of holy, sacred texts - “written by god”

Dharma

force that provides order - moral force

Karma

your works or your deeds

Reincarnation

being reborn into a new life as a new being after this life ends

Brahma (Brahman)

supreme spirit

West Pakistan and East Pakistan

• Controlled by British

• 1947 - Indian Independence

• Pakistan was created for Muslims for religious purposes

• 1971 - East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh

• West Pakistan = Middle East

• East Pakistan = Asian Culture

Kashmir

• contested area between China, India, and Pakistan

• Gained independence from Britain in 1947

• Majority Muslim population wanted to join Pakistan

• The Maharaja (Hindu) wanted to join India

Which countries currently have nuclear weapons?

1. U.S.

2. Russia

3. France

4. UK

5. Israel

6. India

7. Pakistan

8. China

9. North Korea

Nepal

• Has Mt. Everest

• Capital Kathmandu

Bangladesh

• used to be East Pakistan

• Extreme poverty - after war with Pakistan

Grameen Bank

microlending institution that targets poor women

• spatially expanded communication

• fertility rate declined

• 2000 branches

Sri Lanka

• island country

• Independence from Britain in 1948

• 74% are Buddhist, rest are Hindu

• Civil War 1983 -2009 - displaces a lot of people

Terracotta Warriors

• 8,000 soldier statues

• all unique

• They were built to accompany the emperor of the time into the afterlife

China’s First Emperor

Qin Shi Huang

China’s Landforms and Climate

• Fertile floodplains around the major rivers

• Tibetan Plateau - largest plateau, really cold

• Monsoon conditions

• Typhoons - between Shanghai and Hong Kong

Who was predominantly responsible for the building of the Great Wall of China?

The Qin Dynasty

Mandate of Heaven

The idea that there could be only one legitimate ruler of China at a time, and that this ruler had the blessing of the gods. They used this mandate to justify their overthrown of the Shang, and their subsequent rule.

Qin Dynasty

• Name China comes from this dynasty

• Role of legalism

• legacy - The Great Wall

• 2 occupations: farmer, or soldier

• banned books

Ming Dynasty

• lots of work on the Great Wall of China

• Contributions to the the literature and art world

• poetry and prose

Confucianism

• Made by: Confucius 551-479 BC

• This religion takes off during the Han Dynasty

• There are 5 key relationships within this religion (hierarchy)

What are the 5 key relationships for Confucianism?

1. Ruler and Subject

2. Father and Son

3. Husband and Wife

4. Elder brother and Younger brother

5. Friend and Friend

Opium War

• During the Qing Dynasty

• Lasted from 1839-1842

• this is made from poppies and acts as an addictive pain-killer

• British introduced this to the Chinese

• Chinese tried to stop this trade!

Boxer Rebellion

• groups called Boxers, or “society of harmonious fists” wanted to expel foreign influence

• 1900 - 55 day rebellion

• foreign troops aided in ending the rebellion

• other countries still wanted access to China

Marxism

• is a branch of socialism, a theory that holds more powerful classes oppress and exploit the less powerful by denying them their fair share of the surplus they create

• Communism comes from this

Socialism

• a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole

• top-down someone is in charge

Communism

• a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

• bottom-up people own everything

Proletariat

• Workers or working-class people, regarded collectively

• NOT PEASANTS!

Bourgeois

• a member of the middle class; a person whose political, economic, and social opinions are believed to be determined mainly by concern for property values and conventional respectability.

• Marx didn’t like them

What are differences between North and South Korea?

North:

• Soviet sphere of influence

• Chinese economic and political model

• food shortages and famine

South:

• Incredible economic growth

• U.S. sphere of influence

• Role of external and internal factors for development

What is the DMZ?

The Demilitarized Zone

Where is the DMZ?

The border between North and South Korea

Why is the DMZ so significant?

It is currently at a peace-treaty between North and South Korea, and it is a place for the North and South Korean leaders to meet and discuss things.

Agent Orange

herbicide that causes terrible mutations in humans

Vietnam War

• Between North and South Vietnam

• called the American war in North Vietnam

• 58,000 American deaths

• Over 2 million Vietnamese deaths

• conventional army in the North Viet-Kong (Guerilla style fighting)

• Hiding in the jungle

Korean War

• Between Communist North Korea and non-Communist South Korea aimed at reunifying the peninsula under opposing ideologies

• North Korea tried invading the South by force in 1950

• North and South together used to be “United Korea”

What are territorial waters?

These are the waters closest to the bay of land, and it is 12 nautical miles out. This is where ships can park and bring goods in the waters that the land controls

What are contiguous waters?

This area is the waters that are 24 nautical miles away from the bay area. Other countries can be in it

What is the exclusive economic zone?

This zone is 200 nautical miles out from bay, on the edge of it is the high seas and international waters.

Vietnam History

• Strong Chinese influences - originally lived in S. china

• Two sides: North Vietnam & South Vietnam

• Vietnam War - 58,000 American Deaths, 2 million Vietnamese Deaths

• In North Vietnam, its called the American War

Vietnam Post-War Period

• Forced movement of people - refugees

• Doi Mei - allowed for foreign investment

• growth of the economy

• However, no reconciliation with the South

Tet Offensive

• 1968 - 70,000 Northern Vietnamese soldiers coordinated attacks on numerous cities and towns

• Turning point in the war

Foreign Direct Investment

An investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country

Human Trafficking

The action or practice of illegally transporting people from one country or area to another, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation.

Human Rights

The rights possessed by all individuals by virtue of being human, regardless of their status as citizens of particular states or members of a group or organization.

What is UDHR?

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, this declaration defines a “common standard of achievement for all peoples” and forms the foundation of modern human rights law

• 30 human rights

What are the 4 pillars of Human Rights?

1. Dignity

2. Equality

3. Liberty

4. Brotherhood

What is the ICCPR?

• International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

• The agreement completed in 1966 and in force from 1976 that details the basic civil and political rights of individuals and nations

• very vague

• West = very political

What is the ICESCR?

• International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

• The agreement completed in 1966 and in force in 1976 that specifies the basic economic, social, and cultural rights of individuals and nations

• Eastern = social/cultural

What is the International Bill of Rights?

Refers collectively to the UDHR, the ICCPR, and the ICESCR. Together, these 3 agreements form the core of the international human rights regime

• Made by Eleanor Roosevelt

Indonesia

• Largest country in Southeast Asia

• 5 main islands: Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan (Borneo), Sulawesi, and Papua

• Most populous Islamic country in the world (Sunni)

Wahat are 2 population related problems for Indonesia?

1. Growth - growing fast

2. Distribution

Philippines

• 7,000 islands

• Colonized by Spain

• Prevalence of Catholicism

• Ceded to the U.S. in 1898

• Independence in 1946

• Martial Law in 70s and 80s - negatively impacts the economy

Cambodia

• Smaller than the state of Oklahoma

• Homogenous population (same/similar people)

• Khmer Empire - 1200s to 1400’s

• French colony

• Spillover from Vietnam War - destabilizing effect

Khmer Rouge

Pol Pot - 1963-1981

• Cambodian Genocide “killing fields of Cambodia”

• forced relocations

• torture

• Mass executions

• forced labor

Australia (Landforms and Climate)

• Smallest Continent

• Geographically isolated

• mostly flat and dry

• large desert

• very coastal

• marsupials are unique to here!

New Zealand (Landforms and Climate)

• mountainous

• lush

• livestock wealth

• lots of flora (plants) and fauna (animals)

Australia (History and British)

Captain James Cook - first European to survey the Australian coast 1770

• 1850s Gold rush

• Settlement of convicts in Australia - it was a PRISON!

• Britain encouraged immigration

• Independence in 1901

Great Barrier Reef

• World’s largest coral reef - not just one

• 3000 reef systems!

• one of the 7 wonders of the NATURAL world

• only living thing visible from space

Haka

• intimidation ritual against enemies

• also done to honor people

• weird faces, rhythmic patting and slapping

Mariana Trench and Challenger Deep

• A huge trench, and its deepest part is Challenger Deep

• If you flipped Mt. Everest upside down and stuck it in Challenger Deep, it still wouldn’t reach!

• 36,070 FEET!

Easter Island

• aka Rapa Nui

• Part of Chile

• Nearly 900 stone statues, or Moai are there

• Discovered by Dutch explorers on Easter

What is Latitude?

• Horizontal (lat-flat)

• Y-Coordinate

What is Longitude?

• Vertical

• X-Coordinate

What is the Prime Meridian?

a line that passes through Greenwich and it marks the starting point for longitude 0 degrees!

What is the Mercator Projection?

• Parallel longitude and latitude

• used for nautical navigation

• direction is true

• area is distorted

What is the Robinson Projection?

• used for world maps

• acts as a compromise between shape, area, distance, and direction

• NOT TRUE FOR ANY!

• Visually appealing

What is a Geiod?

The surface of the earth’s gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level

What is a Spheroid? Give examples

• The Earth is an oblate spheroid

• Examples: Clarke 1866, GRS80, WGS 1984

What is the Datum? (Give examples)

• includes the local changes in elevation

• Examples: NAD 1927, NAD 1983, WGS 1984