Real Exam 10

Adonis downloaded an album, even though he liked only one of the songs. Over time he found that he likes the other songs on the album as well. This is best explained by...

The mere exposure effect

What term describes that we should help those in need even if the costs outweigh the benefits?

Social-responsibility norm

What has hard-wired into us the survival skill to bond with those who are familiar and to be wary of those who are unfamiliar and may be an explanation for automatic prejudicial feelings?

Evolution

Thanks to what ancestral need, we have a tendency to favor people from our own group and we have formed respective social definitions for our ingroup (us) and outgroup (them)?

Belong

What term describes the enhancement of a group’s prevailing attitudes through discussion within the group and may be amplified by the internet?

Group polarization

Chartrand and Bargh coined what term that describes how we naturally mimic others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones?

Chameleon effect

What is affected by our inner attitudes as well as by external social influences and can turn prisoners into collaborators, doubters into believers, or mere acquaintances into friends?

Behaviors

What term describes the energizing contribution of an enthusiastic audience that has shown up in studies of more than a quarter-million college and professional athletic events?

Home field advantage

What term describes the principle that the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal creates anger, which can generate belligerence?

Frustration-aggression principle

What term describes mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive and can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies?

Mirror-image perceptions

What term describes the phenomenon that repeated experiences to novel stimuli increases liking of them?

Mere exposure effect

What term describes the expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us?

Reciprocity norm

What term describes influence resulting from our willingness to accept another person’s opinion because of our desire to be accurate?

Informational social influence

What term describes influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid rejection?

Normative social influence

Which of the following is the best example of prejudice?

Adonis thinks all Greeks are smart

What term describes a theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel by changing our attitude when two of our thoughts are inconsistent or when the awareness of our attitudes and actions clash?

Cognitive-dissonance theory

Researcher Milgram’s obedience experiments demonstrated that ordinary people would conform to falsehoods or give in to cruelty, but when was obedience highest?

All answers are correct

Adonis, a 4 month old infant, looked longer at people of his race than people of different races, which demonstrates...

The mere exposure effect

When Adonis stepped on Athena's foot, Athena believed Adonis was a mean person, which illustrates...

The fundamental attribution error

What term describes the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives?

Group think

What term describes some pornography consumers’ belief in the idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get “swept away” while being “taken?”

Rape myth

Because aversive stimuli can cause hostility, researcher Anderson projects that global warming of how many degrees Fahrenheit would induce tens of thousands of additional assaults and murders in the United States alone?

4 degrees

Social psychology’s great lesson is the enormous power of what on our attitude, beliefs, decisions, and actions?

Social influence

For things you already do well, what will likely make you perform even better?

An audience

As you strive to follow a set of expectations (norms) for a military recruit, a college freshman, a newlywed, or a new employee, you may feel like your behaviors are phony and this affect on your attitude is the result of what?

Role playing

On the first day of class, Dr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos divides his class into four competing groups. On the fifth day of school, Adonis is sent to the principal for kicking members of the other groups. Dr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos can be faulted for encouraging the creation of what?

Out-group bias

What term describes improved performance of simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others as a result of increased arousal?

Social facilitation

What term describes the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame?

Scapegoat theory

Americans’ expressed gender and racial attitudes have changed dramatically in the last half-century, however what type of prejudice still lingers?

Subtle, implicit

What term describes unselfish regard for the welfare of others?

Altruism

In the Milgram studies, the dependent measure was…

The highest level of shock supposedly administered

When we find ourselves in new situations, uncertain how to act, what do we rely on that is provided by our culture and may be attributed to the media’s influence?

Social scripts

What term describes the tendency of people to believe the world is fair and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get?

Just-world phenomenon

What type of a belief is a by-product of how we cognitively simplify the world?

Stereotype

What term describes an unjustifiable negative behavior toward a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group?

Discrimination

Adonis and Athena tried to buy tickets to see their favorite band, but they were unable to do so because the show sold out by the time they filled in the online form. Adonis swipes his laptop onto the floor in anger. The best explanation for why he does this is...

The frustration-aggression principle

What term describes understood rules that inform people about accepted and expected behavior and prescribes “proper” behavior?

Norm

The lesson from researcher Milgram’s experiments is that ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process and is a perfect example of what phenomenon?

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Adonis feels tension after he flirts with other people even though he is in a committed relationship, which illustrates...

Cognitive dissonance

What term describes the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races?

Other-race effect

When we are unsure of what is right, and when being right matters, what do we become more receptive to?

Peer influence

What term describes that cooperative efforts to achieve shared goals that override differences can be an effective way to break down social barriers?

Superordinate goals

Which of the following is an example of prejudice?

Adonis has a negative attitude toward children

Parents of delinquent youngsters who typically discipline with beating model what as a method of dealing with problems?

Aggression

When analyzing another’s behavior, what term describes the tendency to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of the personal disposition?

Fundamental attribution error

Respectively, what type of love describes the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined and what type of love describes an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another at the beginning of a love relationship?

Companionate, passionate

What greatly increases liking and contentment as a result of shared attitudes, beliefs, and interests?

Similarity

Adonis' mother is in a very bad mood. Adonis attributes this bad mood to the fact that his mother has a headache. Adonis is exhibiting which of the following social psychological concepts?

An external attribution

What term describes an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a different cultural, ethnic, or gender group?

Prejudice

Higher-than-average levels of which hormone correlates with irritability, low tolerance for frustration, assertiveness and impulsiveness which are all qualities that predispose somewhat more aggressive responses to provocation?

Testosterone (testis)

When Adonis had his first oboe solo in the orchestra concert, his performance was far worse than it was when he rehearsed at home. A phenomenon that helps explain his poor performance is known as what?

Social impairment

What term describes a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas that can lead to potentially destructive processes that can produce results no one wants?

Conflict

According to evolutionary psychologists, men prefer women who have a youthful and fertile appearance, women prefer men who seem mature, dominant, and affluent, but people everywhere seem to be attracted to what type of facial features?

Average

What term describes the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request?

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Adonis is more likely to challenge his teacher when...

He has seen someone else disobey

Students at Mira Mesa High school believe they are superior to students at Scripps Ranch High school in every way possible. This is a demonstration of...

Ingroup bias

What term describes the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another?

Social psychology

What term describes a strategy designed to decrease international tensions and is illustrated by first announcing recognition of mutual interests, followed by the intent to reduce tensions, then initiating small conciliatory acts?

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reductions (GRIT)

Athena believes that Adonis is mad at her so she chooses to ignore him, which serves to actually make him mad at her. This is an example of...

A self-fulfilling prophecy

Adonis pulls into traffic behind a woman and immediately gets irritated, muttering "Woman are terrible drivers." Adonis' belief is...

A stereotype

What does automatic mimicry help us feel and helps to explain why we feel happier around happy people?

Empathy

Adonis is less self-conscious and less restrained when he is in a large group. Adonis is demonstrating which of the following concepts?

Deindividuation

What term describes people sharing up and down moods?

Mood linkage

Adonis does not feel any obligation to help the people experiencing homelessness he sees each morning in the subway. He assumes the situation is their fault and that they must have done something to deserve it. Adonis' assumptions represent...

The just-world phenomenon

What term describes a key to enduring relationships that is characterized by affirmative interactions (compliments, laughing) outnumbering unconstructive interactions (sarcasm, insults)?

Positive support

What term describes how we may harm our collective well-being by pursuing our own personal interests rather than the good of the group?

Social trap

What term describes the tendency for people in a group (tug-of-war for example) to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal?

Social loafing

What multi-billion dollar industry makes your partner look less desirable, encourages violence toward women, and is a bigger business than professional football, basketball, and baseball put together?

Pornography

Which of the following is the clearest example of conformity?

Adjusting your behavior to be more like your friends

The tendency of people to look toward others for cues about the appropriate way to behave when confronted by an emergency is known as what?

Pluralistic ignorance

Respectively, what term describes an attempt to influence our behavior and change our attitude using incidental cues (like attractiveness) and what term describes an attempt to influence our behavior and change our attitudes by offering evidence that aims to trigger favorable thoughts?

Peripheral route persuasion, central route persuasion

What term describes the loss of selfawareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that fosters arousal and anonymity (the KKK for example)?

Deindividuation

What term describes the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people that differs across time and space and is transmitted from one generation to the next?

Culture

What term describes revealing intimate aspects of yourself to others and is a vital ingredient of loving relationships?

Self-disclosure

What term describes the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs?

Social exchange theory

What term describes the theory that we tend to give a causal explanation for someone’s behavior by crediting either their internal disposition or external situation?

Attribution theory

What term describes adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard?

Conformity

What tends to desensitize people to cruelty and prime them to respond aggressively when provoked?

All answers are correct

What is the most powerful predictor of close friendships and often times leads to relationships?

Proximity

What term describes feelings often influenced by our beliefs that predispose one to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events?

Attitude

What can we change that can alter how we think about others and how we feel about ourselves?

Behaviors

What psychological perspective most accurately describes the factors that contribute to significant behaviors, like aggression?

Biopsychosocial perspective

Athena hates to do group projects with Adonis because she ends up doing much more of the work than he does. Adonis is engaging in...

Social loafing

What term describes categorizing people into groups using stereotypes and overestimating their uniformity (sameness)?

Outgroup homogeneity

What phenomenon describes the blamethe-victim response to an account of a date that ended with a woman being raped and people responding, “She should have known better?”

Hindsight bias

What predicts how often people date, how popular they feel, affects initial impressions of their personality, and gives them the perception that they are healthier, happier, more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled?

Physical attractiveness

What term describes the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present?

Bystander effect

What term describes a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it?

Equity

What term describes any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, whether done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end?

Aggression

What term describes the power of one or two individuals who sway the majority by holding firmly to their position and do not waffle?

Minority influence