Sanitation, Plumbing Design, and Installation Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering terms, definitions, and technical specifics from the lecture on sanitation, plumbing design, and installation systems.

Plumbum

A Latin word referring to lead, a material which was widely used in piping systems during ancient times.

Plumbarius

The Latin word from which the term plumber was derived, referring to workers in lead.

Fixture Unit

An arbitrary quantity in terms of which the load-producing effects or water requirements on the plumbing system of different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed.

Value of One Fixture Unit

Equivalent to a rate of flow at $28.3\,liters/minute$ ($1\,cu.ft./minute$).

R.A. 1378

The Plumbing Law that governs the practice of plumbing services including consultations, design, plans, and supervision.

R.A. 1364

The Sanitary Law that defines the practice of sanitary engineering, including water purification, sewer systems, and industrial hygiene.

Fresh Water

Water that contains less than $0.01\%$ salt.

Salt Water

Water that contains at least $3\%$ salt.

Specific Gravity of Water

The relative density of water, which is assigned a value of $1.0$.

Density of Water

The mass per unit volume of water, which is $1000\,kg/m^3$ at $4^\circ C$.

Hydrology

A science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on and below the earth's surface and in the atmosphere.

Advection

The movement of water in any form through the atmosphere.

Transpiration

The evaporation of water from plants.

Infiltration

The flow of water from the ground surface of a soil to the soil underneath.

Percolation

The flow of water through the soil, filtered in layers until it reaches the aquifer.

Water Table

The surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water.

Aeration Zone

The zone immediately below the land surface where pores contain both water and air, also known as the unsaturated zone or vadose zone.

Dug Well

A well constructed with hand or power tools up to a depth of $15\,m$, characterizing the most common type for individual supplies but prone to surface contamination.

Drilled Wells

Wells dug with percussion or rotary drilling machines up to $300\,m$, making them the least prone to contamination.

Cone of Depression

A depression in the water table shaped like an inverted cone that develops around a well as water is withdrawn.

Drawdown

The decrease in the water level in a well when water is being pumped.

Artesian Well

A well that passes through source impervious strata into a water-bearing stratum where water is held under pressure, causing it to rise in the well.

Piezometric Level

The elevation to which water will rise in a well that taps a confined aquifer due to hydrostatic pressure.

Level 1 (Point Source)

A water supply system consisting of a protected well or developed spring without a distribution system, serving $15$ to $25$ households.

Level 2 (Communal Faucet System)

A system composed of a source, reservoir, and piped distribution network with communal faucets serving an average of $100$ households.

Level 3 (Waterworks System)

A system with individual house connections via a piped distribution network, requiring minimum treatment by disinfection.

Tempered Water

Water having a temperature range between $85^\circ F$ ($29^\circ C$) and $110^\circ F$ ($43^\circ C$).

Blowdown Water

Water intentionally discharged from a system, such as a boiler or cooling tower, to remove accumulated dissolved solids and particles.

Condensate Water

Water formed by the condensation of moisture from air-conditioning systems, refrigeration units, or other cooling processes.

Water Main

The water supply pipe for community use that is controlled by a public authority.

Water Service Pipe

The pipe from the water main or approved source of water supply to the building served.

Riser

A water supply pipe that extends one full story or more to convey water to branches or groups of fixtures.

Static Pressure

The pressure exerted by water when it is at rest.

Falloff

The amount that pressure is decreased from the set pressure to meet demand as flow increases.

Residual Pressure

The pressure measured at any point in the system when water is flowing.

Coagulation

A chemical process where positive charges are added to water to neutralize negative charges of dirt, using coagulants like hydrated Aluminum Sulfate.

Flocculation

A physical process where sediment particles collide and stick together to form a larger jelly-like mass called floc.

Schmutzdecke

A biologically active hypogeal layer formed on the surface of a slow sand filter, translated from German as 'dirt cover'.

Turbidity

The cloudiness of water due to suspended mineral particulate, measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU).

Invert

The lowest portion of the interior of any pipe or conduit.

Springline

The horizontal line at the midpoint of the vertical axis of a pipe.

Haunch

The outside areas of a pipe located between the springline and the bottom of the pipe.

Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

The cheapest type of sewer pipe, also known as Orangeburg pipe, which is lightweight and flexible.

Vitrified Clay Pipe

One of the oldest sewer materials, made of clay resistant to most acid wastes and suitable for gravity-flow systems.

Type K Copper Pipe

The heaviest copper pipe identified by the color green, suitable for underground installation.

Type L Copper Pipe

Copper pipe identified by the color blue, representing the minimum requirement for water supply piping.

Type M Copper Pipe

The thinnest copper pipe identified by the color red, used for above-ground water piping.

UPVC

Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride; a strong, low-maintenance plastic building material without added plasticizers.

CPVC

Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride; a flexible thermoplastic produced by chlorination, used for hot and cold water distribution up to $180^\circ F$.

ABS

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene; a plastic pipe known for high impact strength used in DWV plumbing and sanitary sewers.

PVDF

Polyvinyl Fluoride; a tough fluorocarbon material resistant to high temperatures up to $220^\circ F$, used for corrosive waste drainage.

Coupling

A short internally threaded section of a pipe used to join two pipes in a straight line.

Street Tee

A malleable iron fitting having an outside thread on one end and an inside thread on the other.

Union Patente

A three-piece pipe fitting used to connect two pipes that cannot be turned.

Escutcheon

A flange used on a pipe to cover a hole in a floor or wall through which the pipe passes.

Barb

A fitting with continuous ridges or bumps used to connect hoses to pipes and maintain a watertight seal.

Gooseneck

A flexible tubing connection between a service pipe and the water main; also a return-bend pipe used for pantry sink faucets.

Shoulder Nipple

A pipe nipple that is threaded on both ends with a short unthreaded section in the middle; also known as a short nipple.

BP 344

Batasang Pambansa 344; the Accessibility Law created to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring specialized facilities.

Endemic

A term applied to a specific disease when it normally prevails in a locality without fluctuating markedly.

Epidemic

The incidence of a communicable disease recognized statistically as being well beyond normal expectancy in a community.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that affects a large number of people across several countries or continents at the same time.