Genetics Exam 1 Capstone Review

All of the above

Genetics contribute to advances in: pharmaceuticals, medicine, modern biology, agriculture, or all of the above?

Genome

All the DNA that contributes to inheritance

Chromosome

The structure genes are located on. Mixture of DNA and protien

False

True or false: In genetics, current evidence supports preformationism

Preformationism

inside egg or sperm is a tiny version of an adult (homunculus)

True

True or false: In genetics, current evidence supports germ plasm theory

Germ plasm theory

cells in the reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information that is passed to the egg and sperm

Centromere

specialized, constricted region of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together and acts as the attachment site for spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis, ensuring faithful chromosome segregation

Telomere

The protective, repetitive DNA caps at the ends of chromosomes that prevents genetic data loss during cell division

Cytokinesis

The process of splitting the cytoplasm, which separates one cell into two

Two sets of

Diploid cells are cells with ___ ___ __ chromosomes

relax

During telophase of mitosis, condensed chromosomes _____

Reductional

Meiosis 1 is called the ___________ division

Equatorial

Meiosis 2 is called the __________ division

Allele

Alternate forms of a gene. Produced via mutations

Aa x aa

What cross would produce a 1:1 ratio of phenotypes in the next generation

50%

In Mendel's peas, yellow seeds are dominant to green. A pure-breeding yellow plant is crossed with a pure-breeding green plant. All of the offspring are yellow. If one of these yellow offspring is crossed with a green plant, what will be the expected proportion of plants with green seeds in the next generation?

9/16

Round seeds (R) is dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) is dominant to green seeds (y). A true-breeding pea plant with round and yellow seeds is crossed to a true-breeding plant with wrinkled and green seeds. The F1 progeny are allowed to self-fertilize. What is the probability of obtaining a round, yellow seed in the F2?

4

A chi-square test is done to test the hypothesis that a set of data represents a F2 ratio of 17:5:4:3:1. The degrees of freedom that should be used is:

Y chromosome

Location of the SRY gene

Male phenotype

The SRY gene initiates the developmental pathway toward the ____ _________

X inactivation

Allows for the levels of expression of genes on the X chromosome to be similar in males and females

0%

If a female Drosophila that is heterozygous for a recessive X-linked mutation is crossed to a wild-type male, what proportion of female progeny will have the mutant phenotype

A, B, AB, and O

IN humans, blood types A and B are codominant to each other and each is dominant to O. What blood types are possible among the offspring of a couple of blood types B and A

Sex-influenced trait

Traits determined by autosomal genes. Expression is altered by hormones.

Sex-linked traits

Traits determined by genes on sex chromosomes (X or Y)

Model organisms

Short life cycles and many offspring are two desired traits for...

Phenotype

outward expression of genes

Genotype

Genetic code

1950s

The three dimensional structure of DNA was described in this decade...

Histone

Protein that closely associates with DNA, forming tightly packed chromosomes

Prophase

First step of mitosis. centrioles divide and move apart, chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down

Prometaphase

Second step of mitosis. Centrosomes reach opposite poles, mitotic spindle forms, nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase

Third step of mitosis. Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

Anaphase

Fourth step of mitosis. Separase, sister chromatids separate, migrate to opposite poles

Telophase

Fifth step of mitosis. After the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off

G2/M

Checkpoint where cell monitors DNA synthesis and damage

False

True or false: Prokaryotic cells can have a chiasmata in prophase I

False

True or false: meiosis creates exact copies (genetically) of the original cell

True

True or false: Pure-breeding means it is homozygous

Sex limited trait

genetic characteristics that are only expressed in one sex, despite being present in both males and females

X-linked inheritance

genetic traits or conditions caused by genes located on the X chromosome

Hemizygosity

a genetic condition where one allele of a gene is lost, resulting in the presence of only one functioning copy of that gene

375

A mendelian monohybrid cross is made for flower color where yellow is dominant to white. Fifteen hundred F2 offspring are analyzed. How many white flowers are expected?

1:2:1

With incomplete dominance, a likely ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross would be _____

Dominant epistasis

All white cats are crossed and produce the following progeny: 12/16 white, 3/16 black and 1/16 gray. What is this?

2/3

A couple comes to a genetics counselor concerned about their chances of having a baby with Tay Sachs disease. The husband had a sibling die of the disease (you die very young), which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. What are the chances that he is a carrier?

Domestication

Artificially selecting genes

Adaptation

Modifying or mutating to gain advantage in environment

LUCA

Last Universal Common Ancestor: Origin of all Earth life

Prokaryote

Bacteria and Archaea are both __________

Gene function

a piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein; each contains information to produce a single trait in an organism and each is different from any other; for any trait, we inherit 1 from our mother and 1 from our father.

Model Organism

Easy to grow, short life cycle, produce many offspring

10000 BC

Plant domestication began

8000 BC

Animal domestication began

400 BC

Early inheritance theories emerged

Pangenesis

Early concept of heredity proposing that particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs. Also thought somatic mutations were passed on

Chromosomal Theory of inheritance

theory proposing that chromosomes are the vehicles of genes and that their behavior during meiosis is the physical basis of the inheritance patterns that Mendel observed

Homozygous

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait

Heterozygous

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait

antiparallel

referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' -3' directions).

Central dogma of biology

DNA to RNA to Protein

PCR

(polymerase chain reaction) a method used to rapidly make multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA; can be used to make millions of copies of DNA from a very small amount of DNA

Transcriptome

all the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

Proteomics

Identifying proteins present in cells, study post-translation modifications and interactions

Bio-informatics

Stores, retrieves, and analyzes data by genomics and proteomics

Microarray

shows which genes are being actively transcribed in a sample from a cell

Prenatal testing

Condition testing during pregnancy

Gene

Genetic factor that determines a characteristic

Mutation

Changes in DNA or RNA caused by mistakes

Eukaryote

Protists, plants, fungi, animals

46

How many chromosomes do humans have?

Chromatin

Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones

condenses

Chromatin _________ before cell division, becoming chromosomes

Nucleosome

Histone and chromatin combined

Binary fission

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size. No chromosomes, instead have plasmid genome (circular DNA)

Haploid

an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. Sperm and egg are both this

Diploid

an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number. Humans are this

Triploid

A chromosomal mutation where an organism has three sets of chromosomes (3n) instead of two (2n)

Interphase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

G1 phase

The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.

S phase

The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.

G2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

G1/S checkpoint

cell determines if all enzymes necessary for DNA replication are present

G2/M checkpoint

Cell checks that DNA is undamaged

Spindle assembly checkpoint

Cell checks each chromosome is aligned on metaphase plate with spindle fibers attached

Karyogenesis

formation of a cell's nucleus

Halved

After mitosis, there are two genetically identical cells with ______ organelles

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms. Converts diploid cells to haploid cells

Meiosis I

Reductional division. Homologous chromosomes separate and centromeres hold sister chromatids together

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes find one another and pair. Crossing over occurs

Metaphase I

Pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell.

Chiasmata

The X-shaped, microscopically visible region representing homologous chromatids that have exchanged genetic material through crossing over during meiosis. Makes recombinant chromatids

Meiosis II

Equational division. Sister chromatids separate

Independent assortment

One of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. AaBbcc x AabbCc. aabbcc= 1/4 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/16

Spermatogenesis

Formation of sperm

Oogenesis

Formation of egg

Locus

Specific location of a gene on a chromosome

Garden pea

Mendel's model system

Monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits