Biology Term 2 Revision

An Artery

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart towards the organs
- Thick walls containin muscle and elastic fibres
- They have a pulse

A Vein

Carry de-oxygenated blood towards the heart (Except Pulmonary)
Thin walls with valves to prevent backflow. They also have no pulse.

Capillaries

A big network linking arteries and veins, narrow and very thin walls. Allows fast diffusion of Glucose and Oxygen, CO2 and waste products diffuse into the cells

What is CHD

Where the coronary arteries (Blood Vessels) supplying the heart become narrowed or blocked.

Factors that increase the risk of CHD.

• Diet

• Medical Conditions (High BP)

• Age, family, genes

Symptoms of CHD

• Heart attacks

• Fatigue

• Chest Pain

How is CHD different in men and women?

Horomones, Oestrogen helps protect the blood vessels, and women have more of it.

Aeorobic Respiration

The process where the cells of an organisim get energy by combining oxyegn and glucose, resulting in releasing CO2, H20, and energy

Anaerobic Respiration

The process where cells use O2 to break down glucose and other food molecules and convert them into energy, known as ATP.

Sensitivity

The ability to detect stimuli and respond to the changes

Stimuli

Changes in the environment

Growth and Development

Changes in height, weight, and looks, (Physical Changes)

Excretion

The process of removing waste products of metabolism and substances

Morphology

The study of apperance and forms

Anatomy

Bodily structure and functions of living things

Binominal System

Universal system for naming organisms using their genus and species

Classification

Organisation of organisms into groups based on characterisitics & structure

DNA Base Sequence

Sequence of bases in a molecule of DNA they are an accurate method of classification as the more simiar the base pairings, the more closer the organism

Kingdom

Largest group of organisms identified.

• Animal

• plant

• fungus

• prokaryote

• protocist

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in an organism

Prokaryote

Biological kindom - unicellular bacteria wihout nucleus and membrane bound organells

Respiration

Chemical reactions taking place inside cells and release energy from the breakdown of nutrient molecules

Species

Group of similar organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile off-springs

Animalia Kingdom

Multicelled cells have a nucleus, but no wall, feed on organic substances made by other living organnels

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular cells have a nucleus and a cell wall, which is made of cellulose and contains cytoplasm. They prepare their food through photosynthesis.

Kingdom Fungi

Multicellular, have nuclei, have a cell wall, do not have chlorophyll, feed by saprophytic (Eating dead and decaying matter) or parasitic nutrition

saprophytic

Eating dead and decaying matter

Kingdom Protoctista

Multi or uni cellular, cells have nucleus, cells may or may not have chloroplasts, some feed by photosynthesis and others feed on organic substances made by other organisms

Kingdom Prokaryotae

Includes bacteria, unicellular, no true nucleus, cell wall made of peptidoglycan

Viruses

Very small, no cell structure, contain genetic material as a strand of DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protein called the Capsid, the only life process is reproduction, inside the host cell.

Phylum Vertebrates

Animals with a supporting rod running along the length of the body also have a backbone/column

Fish

Have fins, and verterbrates with scaly skin, have gills

Amphibians

Vertebrates with moist scale-less skin, eggs laid in water, larvae live in the water, and adults often live on land. Adults have lungs, larvae have gills.

Larvae

Have gills, (Eggs laid in the water from the adult amphibian)

Reptiles

Verterbrates with scaly skin, eggs with rubbery shells, eggs are water proof which stops them from drying out so they don’t need to go back in the water.

Birds

Lay eggs with a hard shell, vertebrates with feathers, forelimbs have become wings, endothermic, have a beak, and the heart has 4 chambers.

Endothermic

Heat from within

Mammals

Verterbrates with hair, have placenta for the baby, feed of milk, have a diaphragm, 4 chambered heart, endothermic, different types of teeth

Endothermic

Need heat from outside air to keep us warm / cool

Insects

Exoskeleton, Arthropods with 6 legs, two pairs of wings, a head, thorax, abdomen, trachea, breathing

Crustaceans

Breathe through gills, most live in wet places, arthropods with more than four pairs of legs, some produce eggs without being fertilised by sperm. They have a shell

Arachnids

Arthropods with four pairs of jointed legs, breathe through gills (spiders), internal fertalisation

Myriapods

Many segmented body, each segment has jointed legs, internal fertalisation, centipedes (1-4) years and millipedes (1-15) years life span.

Homeothermic

Warm blooded animals/constant internal body temperature

Dicotyledons

Flower plant with embryo that has two cotyledons, tap roots, net veins, ringed vascular bundle.

Monocotyledons

Flowering plant with an embryo, only a single cotyledon, Viborous roots, parallel veins, scattered vascular bundle.

Poikiotherm

Internal termperature varies/cold blooded

Protist

Eukaryote organism not in animal, fungi, plant, or fungus.

Eukaryote

Containing a membrane-bound nucleus to store its DNA and specialised internal structures called organelles.

Ferns

Leaves called fronds, produce no flowers, reproduce by spores

Flowering Plant

Reproduced sexually using flowers and seeds