Exam 2 Short Response Questions

Simple Squamous Epithelia

Simple Cuboidal Epithelia

Simple Columnar Epithelia

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Urothelium/Transitional Epithelium

Areolar Tissue - Connective

Reticular Tissue - Connective

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Adipose Tissue - Connective

Cartilage - Connective

Hyaline Cartilage -Connective

Elastic Cartilage - Connective

Fibrocartilage - Connective

Bone - Connective

Blood - Connective

Nervous Tissue

Cardiac Muscle - Muscle Tissue

Smooth Muscle - Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle - Muscle Tissue

What is the function of Simple Squamous Eputhelia?

•Single row of thin cells

•Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances

•Alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelia?

• Absorption and secretion, mucus production and

movement

• Liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary, bronchioles,

kidney tubules

What is the function of Simple Columnar Epithelia?

•Oval nuclei on basal half

•Brush border of microvilli; goblet cells

•Absorption and secretion, mucus production

•Lining of GI, uterus, kidney, uterine tubes

What is the of Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar

Epithelium?

• Cilia; goblet cells

• Secretion and propulsion of mucus

• Respiratory tract and portions of male urethra

What is the function of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

•Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin;

resists penetration by pathogenic organisms

•Epidermis; palms and soles

What is the function of Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Epithelium?

What is the function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

What is the function of Urothelium/Transitional Epithelium?

•Multilayered with surface cells that change

from round to flat

•Allows filling of urinary tract

•Ureter, bladder

What is the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue?

A featureless substance surrounding cells, usually gelatinous or rubbery that absorbs compressive forces.

What are the main components of the ground substance of fibrous connective tissue?

• Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

• Proteoglycans

• Adhesive glycoproteins

What are Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

Long polysaccharides composed of amino sugars and uronic acid

What is the function of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

They regulate water and electrolyte balance of tissues.

What is an example of a Glycosaminoglycan?

Chondroitin sulfate.

What are proteoglycans?

Gigantic molecules shaped like bottle brushes

What is the function of proteoglycans?

They hold tissues together by forming gravy-like colloids.

What are Adhesive Glycoproteins?

Protein-carbohydrate complexes

What is the function of Adhesive Glycoproteins?

Binds components of tissue together

What is the function of fibroblast?

• produce fibers and ground substance

  of matrix

What is the function of Macrophages?

• arise from monocytes

• phagocytize foreign material and activate immune

(antigen)

What are is the function of Leukocytes?

• Function in immune defense

  • EX: neutrophils attack bacteria; lymphocytes react

  against bacteria, toxins, etc.

What is the function of Plasma Cells?

• arise from lymphocytes

• synthesize antibodies

What is the function of Mast Cells?

• arise from lymphocytes

• synthesize antibodies

What is the function of Adipocytes?

• (fat cells) clustered in some fibrous

  tissues

What is Loose Connective Tissue?

• mostly ground substance in space surround cells

• Areolar and reticular

What is Dense Connective Tissue?

• mostly fibers in space surrounding cells

• Dense regular and dense irregular

What is Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

• Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers

• Compressed fibroblast nuclei

• Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations

• Tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

•Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few viable cells

•Withstands unpredictable stresses

•Deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs

What is the location of connective tissues?

• underlines epithelia

• lymph nodes

• spleen

• tendons

• deeper layer of skin

What is the function of Collagenous Fibers?

• made of collagen

• Tough, flexible, and stretch resistant

• Called white fibers due to appearance in fresh tissue

• Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of skin

• Less visible in the matrix of cartilage and bone

What is the function of Reticular Fibers?

• Thin collagen fibers coated in glycoprotein

• Form framework of spleen and lymph nodes; part of

basement membranes under epithelium

What is the function of Elastic Fibers?

• Thinner than collagen fibers

• Made of elastin

• Allows stretch and recoil like a rubber band

Collagenous Fibers

Reticular Fibers

Elastic Fibers

What is Excitability?

ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

What is Nervous Tissue Excitability?

changes in voltage result in rapid transmission of signals to other

cells

What is Muscular Tissue Excitability?

changes in voltage result in contraction, shortening of the cell

Nervous Cell

What are tight junctions?

Zipperlike, interlocking linkages between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins.

What is the function of tight junctions?

They encircle an epithelial cell near its apical surface, seal off intercellular space, making it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between cells.

What are desmosomes?

Patches that hold cells together, like a clothing snap. They keep cells from pulling apart and resist mechanical stress.

What is the function of desmosomes?

They anchor cells together using J-shaped proteins from the cytoskeleton, primarily found in the epidermis and other epithelial tissues

What are hemidesmosomes?

Half desmosomes that anchor basal cells of epithelial tissue to the basement membrane; they cannot easily peel away.

What are gap (communication) junctions?

Channels between cells formed by ringlike connexons, allowing ions, nutrients, and other small solutes to pass.

What is connexon composed of?

Connexon consists of 6 transmembrane proteins, resembling an orange around a water-filled channel.

Where are gap junctions commonly found?

In cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens, and cornea.

What are endocrine glands?

Glands that have no ducts but possess many blood capillaries, secreting hormones directly into the blood.

What are hormones?

Chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body.

Can you name examples of endocrine glands?

Examples include thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands.

What are exocrine glands?

Glands that maintain their contact with the surface of epithelium by way of a duct.

What types of surfaces do exocrine glands secrete onto?

Surfaces can be external (e.g., sweat, tear glands) or internal (e.g., pancreas, salivary glands).

What are muscle striations?

visible, alternating light and dark stripes (bands) caused by the highly organized arrangement of actin and myosin proteins into repeating functional units called sarcomeres.

What is the key difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?

Voluntary muscles, such as skeletal muscle, are under conscious control and are used for movements like walking and lifting. In contrast, involuntary muscles, such as cardiac and smooth muscle, operate without conscious effort and control automatic functions.

Which muscle type is voluntary?

Skeletal muscle is the only type of voluntary muscle, allowing conscious control over movements.

Which muscle types are involuntary?

Cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are both involuntary types, functioning automatically without conscious control.

What are locations where muscle tissue is present?

• Heart Wall

• Walls of hallow organs

• Tendons

What are unique feature of Muscle Tissue?

• Contractility: The ability to shorten forcefully.

• Excitability (Conductivity): The ability to receive and transmit electrical stimuli.

• Extensibility: The ability to stretch without being damaged.

• Elasticity: The ability to recoil and return to its original resting length after being stretched.