Ch 30,31,40 Study Guide (theory)

Why should the perineal area be cleaned from front to back?

To help prevent UTIs and cystitis.

What may cloudy urine indicate?

Cystitis.

What tests may be ordered for suspected cystitis?

Urinalysis and urine culture.

How is cystitis treated?

Antibiotics and pain medication if needed.

What is pyelonephritis?

A complicated urinary tract infection (UTI).

What are the ureters?

Long, slender, muscular tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin.

What is the function of renin?

Helps regulate blood pressure.

What is the renal medulla?

The inner region of the functional portion of the kidney.

What is a renal corpuscle?

A nephron structure made up of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.

What is the glomerulus?

A group of capillaries in the renal corpuscle.

What is another name for Bowman's capsule?

Glomerular capsule.

Where does glomerular filtration occur?

In the renal corpuscles.

What is the function of the urethra?

To carry urine from the bladder to the outside during urination.

What is the detrusor muscle?

The smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder.

What are common causes of chronic kidney failure?

Diabetes, hypertension, ureter obstruction, or acute kidney failure.

What do Kegel exercises help improve?

Control of the urinary sphincters.

What is the main function of the kidneys?

To remove metabolic waste products from the blood.

Where does sperm production begin?

In the spermatogenic cells of the seminiferous tubules.

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

To carry sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

What does the prostate gland secrete?

A milky, alkaline fluid that protects sperm in the acidic female vagina.

What are the primary organs of the male reproductive system?

The testes.

What do the testes produce?

Sperm and testosterone.

What is one sign of prostatitis?

A low sperm count.

What is a common early sign of testicular cancer?

A hard, painless lump in one testicle.

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

Estrogen and progesterone.

What is the vagina?

A tubular, muscular organ extending from the uterus to the outside of the body.

How is cervical cancer often detected early?

With a yearly Pap smear.

What is the function of the clitoris?

It contains female erectile tissue and is rich in sensory nerves.

What is dysmenorrhea?

Severe menstrual cramps that interfere with daily activities.

By what age do most toddlers walk independently?

15 months.

What can vaginitis cause?

An abnormal increase or decrease in vaginal discharge.

Why is ovarian cancer especially deadly?

Symptoms are often mild until it has spread.

What causes chlamydia?

The bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.

What develops in children between ages 6 and 10?

A sense of right and wrong, honesty, and fairness.

When does the embryonic period occur?

Weeks 2 through 8 of pregnancy.

What is the function of the yolk sac?

It makes blood cells and cells that become the baby's sex cells.

What are oral contraceptives?

Birth control medications.

What are examples of mechanical barriers for contraception?

Condoms, diaphragms, and cervical caps.

What milestones are common at 9 months?

Sits and creeps, uses pincer grasp, says repetitive sounds like "mama" and "dada."

What is the most common movement disorder in children?

Cerebral palsy.

How is newborn jaundice commonly treated according to the study guide?

Keeping the infant well hydrated.

Why should pregnant women with herpes often deliver by C-section?

To reduce transmission of the virus to the baby.

What are common signs and symptoms of AIDS?

Decreased T lymphocyte count, flu-like symptoms, and opportunistic infections.

How large is a newborn's head compared to its body?

About one-fourth of its total body length.

What causes Down syndrome?

An extra chromosome in each body cell.

What social skill develops between ages 2 and 3?

Sharing and playing with others with adult guidance.

At what age does a child develop a personal identity?

14–19 years.

How should healthcare workers approach young children?

Slowly, with a smile and a gentle voice.

What age group especially values friendships, sports, and social events?

Adolescents.

Which STI causes genital warts and increases cervical cancer risk?

Human papillomavirus (HPV).

How many well-baby exams are recommended in the first year?

Seven.

When are the seven well-baby visits?

3-5 days, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 1 year.

When should toddlers have routine checkups?

15, 18, 24, and 30 months.

Why are immunizations given?

To reduce susceptibility to infection.

When is the first Hepatitis B vaccine dose given?

The day after birth.

What is the best site for drawing blood from an infant?

The heel, using a dermal puncture.

How are most childhood HIV infections transmitted?

From mother to infant.

What is intellectual-cognitive development?

The development of thinking skills.

What is social development?

How a person relates to others.

What is the average size of a full-term infant?

7-9 pounds and 18-22 inches long.

When do most SIDS cases occur?

Between 2 and 4 months of age.

When should strained vegetables and fruits be introduced?

At 6-8 months of age.

Why might a child protective agency be notified?

If child abuse or neglect is suspected.

What should you know about growth charts?

How to graph percentiles and plot them on birth-to-36-month growth charts.