CH03 1-6

Cholesterol

helps stabilize the membrane

integral protein

embedded in the membrane

Peripheral proteins

inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer

EX: G proteins second messenger inside the cell

Free pass

lipids, oxygen and carbon dioxide gases, and alcohol

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-water-soluble materials—like glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes

Phagocytosis

(“cell eating”) is the endocytosis of large particles

pinocytosis

(“cell drinking”) brings fluid containing dissolved substances into a cell through membrane vesicles

Osmosis (Passive)

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane (High to low concentration)

Primary active transport (pumps) (active)

Ex: membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell (low to high concentration)

Rough (RER) w/ ribosomeS

• synthesis and modification of proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export from the cell

Golgi Apparatus

functions in protein from RER modification, tagging, packaging, and transport

Lysosomes

(lysozyme- enzyme destroys bacterial cell walls)

Peroxisome

• membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes

• detoxifying harmful substances

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Microfilament

• the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support

nuclear envelope

• membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer

Nuclear pore

• one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope

Nucleolus (plural = nucleoli)

• small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis

Nucleosome

• unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins

Chromatin

• substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

Chromosome (most condensed form of DNA)

• Can be seen with a light microscope during mitosis

• condensed version of chromatin

DNA Macrostructure

Strands of DNA are wrapped around supporting histones. These proteins are increasingly bundled and condensed into chromatin, which is packed tightly into chromosomes when the cell is ready to divide.

Ribosome (composition)

Made of RNA and protein

Transcription

within the cell nucleus produces an mRNA molecule

Cell Cycle

S phase

• DNA replication occurs (8-10 hours)

Hematopoiesis

The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to many different cell types, including the cells of the immune system and red blood cells