Chapter 16: Toward a New Worldview

British North America

The Enlightenment in ________ was heavily influenced by English and Scottish thinkers, especially John Locke, and by Montesquieus arguments for checks and balances in government.

Scientific Revolution

The ________ was a crucial factor in the creation of the new worldview of the eighteenth- century Enlightenment.

1597

In ________, when Johannes Kepler sent Galileo an early publication defending Copernicus, Galileo replied that it was too dangerous to express his support for heliocentrism publicly.

abbé Raynals History

The ________ of the Two Indies (1770) fiercely attacked slavery and the abuses of European colonization.

Whereas Copernicus

________ had used mathematics to describe planetary movement, Kepler proved mathematically the precise relations of a sun- centered (solar) system.

Natural philosophy

________ was considered distinct from and superior to mathematics and mathematical disciplines like astronomy, optics, and mechanics, and Aristotles ideas about the cosmos were accepted, with revisions, for two thousand years.

Kepler

While ________ was unraveling planetary motion, a young Florentine named Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) was challenging all the old ideas about motion.

mid fifteenth century

The rise of printing in the ________ provided a faster and less expensive way to circulate knowledge across Europe.

German philosopher

The ________ and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646- 1716), who had developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton, refuted both Cartesian dualism and Spinozas monism (the idea that there is only one substance in the universe)

1690 1789

________) was a broad intellectual and cultural movement that gained strength gradually and did not reach its maturity until about 1750.

Newton

________ was born into the lower English gentry in 1642, and he enrolled at Cambridge University in 1661.

Rousseaus contribution

________ to political theory in The Social Contract (1762) was based on two fundamental concepts: the general will and popular sovereignty.

critical role

Conversation, discussion, and debate also played a(n) ________ in the Enlightenment.

Cameralism

________ shared with the Enlightenment an emphasis on rationality, progress, and utilitarianism.

eighteenth century

In the ________ an Enlightenment movement known as the Haskalah emerged from within the European Jewish community, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (1729- 1786)

Rousseau

________ also called for a rigid division of gender roles.

Voltaires

________ philosophical and religious positions were much more radical than his social and political beliefs.

Enlightenment philosophes

________ did not direct their message to peasants or urban laborers.

English politician

________ and writer Francis Bacon was the greatest early propagandist for the new experimental method.

Aristotles cosmology

________ made intellectual sense, but it could not account for the observed motions of the stars and planets and, in particular, provided no explanation for the apparent backward motion of the planets (which we now know occurs because planets closer to the sun periodically overtake the earth on their faster orbits)

Medieval philosophers

________ acquired a limited but real independence from theologians and a sense of free inquiry.

Bacon

________ formalized the empirical method, which had already been used by Brahe and Galileo, into the general theory of inductive reasoning known as empiricism.

French philosopher René Descartes

The ________ was a multitalented genius who made his first great discovery in mathematics.

France

The first European state to remove all restrictions on the Jews was ________ under the French Revolution.

devout Descartes

The ________ believed that God had endowed man with reason for a purpose and that rational speculation could provide a path to the truths of creation.

Swiss physician

________ and alchemist Paracelsus (1493- 1541) was an early proponent of the experimental method in medicine and pioneered the use of chemicals and drugs to address what he saw as chemical, rather than humoral, imbalances.

Descartes

________ used mathematics to elaborate a highly influential vision of the workings of the cosmos.

Descartess greatest achievement

________ was to develop his initial vision into a whole philosophy of knowledge and science.

Aristotle

________ had distinguished sharply between the world of the celestial spheres and that of the earth- the sublunar world.

Galileo

In his early experiments, ________ focused on deficiencies in Aristotles theories of motion.

Kant

________ taught and wrote as much about "anthropology "and "geography "as he did about standard philosophical themes such as logic, metaphysics, and moral philosophy.

Catherine

________ was a German princess from Anhalt- Zerbst, an insignificant principality sandwiched between Prussia and Saxony.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

In the early 1740s ________ (1712- 1778), the son of a poor Swiss watchmaker, made his way into the Parisian Enlightenment through his brilliant intellect.

Aristotles views

________, revised by medieval philosophers, also dominated thinking about physics and motion on earth.

Scientific Revolution

The ________ drew on long- term developments in European culture, as well as borrowings from Arabic scholars.

Kepler

________ was a genius with many talents.

Rousseau

________ was both one of the most influential voices of the Enlightenment and, in his rejection of rationalism and social discourse, a harbinger of reaction against Enlightenment ideas.

Newton

________ arrived at some of his most basic ideas about physics between 1664 and 1666, during a break from studies at Cambridge caused by an outbreak of plague.

Galileo

3 ________ was a devout Catholic who sincerely believed that his theories did not detract from the perfection of God.