AP WORLD TERMS AND PEOPLE

Confuncianism

Chinese belief system that focuses on respect, family roles, and social order from teachings of Confucius and helped shaped hierarchy and government

Shogun

military leader of japan

Great Canal

major waterway in China connecting north and south to help trade and transport goods

Imperial Bureaucracy

system of gov officials who run a country through organized departments

Feudalism

a system where land is exchanged for loyalty and service between lords/vassals

Civil Service Exams

tests in China used to select gov officials based on their knowledge on Confucian ideas

Merit Based Government

a system where people gain positions based on ability not birth or wealth

Silk Road

land trade routes connecting east asia to Europe trading luxury goods

Indian Ocean Trade

sea trade network connecting east Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia

Trans Saharan Trade

trade across the sahara desert using camels

Mongol Empire

largest land empire in history led by Genghis Khan

Pax Mongolica

“Mongol Peace” time of stability that made trade across Asia safer.

Caravanserai

roadside inns along trade routes where merchants could rest and trade

zamindars

powerful local rulers in Mughal Empire

shah

king of Safavid Empire

blood tax

giving up a child also known as Ottomans devshrime tax

daimyo

great, loyal nobles in Japan

jizya tax

tax on non muslims

astrolabe

islamic innovation for religious matters and solving problems (trig, etc) as well as navigate

lateen sails

arab triangular sails attacking the face of the wind having a big role in Indian Ocean trade

caravel

portuguese light fast and used lateen sails, turned into carrack (bigger)

spanish galleon

spain’s tall, multideck lateen sails and large rectangular sails

fluyt

dutch ship for trade and bigger capacity

joint stock companies

businesses owned by multiple share owners to fund trade/colonization

triangular trade

trade system where raw materials were traded through America, Europe, and Africa with labor forces

silver sycee

silver ingot currency in China

indentured servanthood

poor who worked for certain number of years without wages for food, clothes, shelter

Treaty of Tordesillas (def)

Portuguese control all land east and Spain controls all to the West

hacienda labor

forced labor with land grant systems on large agricultural estates

encomienda system

forced labor in exchange for protection and Christian instruction

chattel slavery

people defined as personal property as they were sold, traded, or inherited

Great Dying (def)

as high as 90% of 50 million people were displaced/dead in the New World with 5 million people left collapse from the Columbian Exchange diseases

Columbian Exchange

transfer of plants, animals, diseases, people, and technology between the New World (Americas) and the Old World (Afro

Haitian Revolution

the only successful large scale slave revolt in history resulting in the elimination of slavery and establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic

Enlightenment

intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority

Berlin Conference

meeting where 14 European powers and the U.S. negotiated and formalized the "Scramble for Africa" to avoid war among themselves, ultimately carving up the continent with no African input

United Nations

international organization to replace the failed League of Nations, aiming to maintain global peace, security, and cooperation among member states.

Green Revolution

massive increase in global agricultural production, particularly in developing nations, driven by new science and technology

Little Ice Age

a period of regional cooling characterized by harsher winters and cooler, wet summers

General Crisis

a period of widespread global instability, violence, and economic decline during the 17th century

atlantic trade system

maritime network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, driving global goods through mercantilism

asian luxury goods

high value items like silk, spices, porcelain, and tea

enclosure movement

the process of privatizing common land in England by fencing it off, turning small, shared peasant farms into large, private commercial farms

4 Anglo Dutch Wars (def)

conflicts between England and the Dutch Republic over maritime, colonial, and trade dominance beginning with Europe encouraging smuggling with the Dutch

Commercial Revolution

goods traded not for other goods but for gold and silver

Pueblo Revolt

Po’pay as leader and kicked Spanish out using release of Spanish horses

timariots

those that exchanged land grants for military service

Franco Spanish War

Spain and Frances War to strengthen borders

1492 Alhambra Decree

expelled remaining Jews and Muslims if they didn’t become Catholic\

rational reasoning

process of making decisions, forming beliefs, or solving problems based on logic, evidence, and facts rather than emotions

dogma

core set of beliefs or doctrines held by a group

nationalism

belief that a specific group of people should control their own government, known as a nation

industrial working class

peasants, unskilled, low wages, harsh conditions, drunkenness, fighting, women sought jobs

middle/bourgeoise class

wealthy individuals women managed households and had free time, children work gender specific roles, political and economic power

rapid urbanization

the fast unplanned growth of cities due to people looking for employment leading to problems like air pollution, unsanitary and insufficient infrastructure, overcrowded areas, crime, and poverty.

Mercantilism

a system based on a fixed amount of wealth, especially gold and silver through a positive balance of trade.

free market capitalism

Adam Smith’s idea, a system with unregulated flow of capital and trade, and free competition between individuals and nations. (fair prices, consumers determine)

laissez faire

supply and demand regulate prices allowing businesses to operate freely

spheres of influence

a region where a foreign power exerts significant economic, cultural, or military control, even without governance

taiping rebellion

massive destructive civil war against Qing Dynasty

meiji restoration

a rapid, state led modernization of Japan designed to prevent Western colonization after some regions opened trade

utilitarianism

by John Stuart Mill, best action is one that maximizes happiness and reduces suffering for people

socialism

collective or government ownership of productions (factories, mines) to ensure equal distribution of wealth

communism (created by/def)

by Karl Max and Fredrick Engels through their book, Communist Manifesto and was an ideology arguing that capitalism led to class struggle and led to classless society.

social democracy

combines a capitalist market driven economy with a strong government run welfare state to promote equality

self straightening movement

Qing dynasty’s initiative to modernize China’s military/economy by adopting technology like railways, ships, and guns while preserving Confuncian values.

Boxer Rebellion (def)

violent uprising in China as they were opposed to foreign imperialism and the spread of Western and Japanese influence

Tanzimant Reforms

series of modernization efforts in the Ottoman Empire designed to westernize, centralize authority, and strengthen the state

Rationalization

the historical shift away from explaining the world through tradition, religion, and emotion, toward using logic, science, efficiency, and reason

Social darwinism

ideology applying "survival of the fittest" to human societies, arguing that stronger nations or races (typically Western/European and British) were naturally destined to dominate "weaker" ones.

Survival of the Fittest

individuals or groups best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their trait

Civilizing Mission

claimed western imperialists had a mission to show the western civilization to primitive people

British Raj

period of direct rule from British on India

Sepoy Mutiny

a major uprising against the British East India Company’s rule with Indian soldiers or sepoys

Scramble for Africa

European countries rush to claim African territories for raw materials

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy stating that the Western Hemisphere is closed to further European colonization

Dollar Diplomacy

made to secure economic stability in unstable regions while expanding American markets and reducing the need for military force.

Cherokee Constitution

legal document modeling the US Constitution who formed a three part government

Yaa Asantewaa War

major example of indigenous, female war

Trail of Tears

forced violent removal of over 60,000 Native Americans from Southeast which was apart of the Indian Removal Act

Ghost Dance

spiritual movement among Native Americans, believing that a ritual dance would reunite the living with spirits, banish white settlers, and restore buffalo and traditional life

Battle of Wounded Knee

final, brutal act of the U.S. government’s military campaign against Plains Indians killing many Lakota Sioux

Cold War

decades long ideological and geopolitical struggle between US and Soviet Union following WWII

World War 1

global total war against the Allies (Britain, France, Russia and the US) and Central Powers (Germany, Austria

World War 2

global total war fought against the Axis (Germany, Japan, Italy) and Allied Powers (US, UK, China and Soviet Union)

Cold War Causes

deep ideological conflicts (capitalism vs. communism), mutual distrust, competition for global influence, and a nuclear arms race

Cold War Effects

intense technological innovations on the rise and proxy wars/space race and collapse of Soviet Union

World War 1 Causes

assasination of Austria government leader

World War 1 Effects

collapse of all 4 major empires (ottoman, russian, german, and, austro

World War 2 Causes

aggressive expansionist policies of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan, sparked by the German invasion of Poland and failure of peacekeeping efforts

World War 2 Effects

60–80 million deaths, devastating infrastructure, and reshaping global politics and led to Cold War

Ethnic enclaves

a geographic area with a high concentration of a specific ethnic group that is culturally, socially, and economically distinct from the surrounding majority population

Treaty of Versailles

peace treaty that ended WW1 and punished Germany with blame, territory loss, and military limits

League of Nations

international organization created after WW1 to keep peace but failed because it had little power

Non Aligned Movement

group of countries that chose not to side with the US or Soviet Union during the Cold War

Globalization

increasing connection of the world through trade, technology, communication, and culture

Black Death

massive bubonic plague pandemic that originated in Asia and spread via Silk Road trade routes to Europe, killing roughly half of its population.

Opium Wars

the British were smuggling opium from their Indian colonies into Chinese ports against the wishes of the Chinese government which began war

Prince Henry of Portugal, the “Navigator”

known for funding of several voyages as he assembled many experts to navigate experiments across high seas

Vasco De Gama

portuguese mariner who sailed to India for the first time (took a century)