APUSH Unit 7: 1890-1920

Industrialization

Rapid growth of factories and mass production that increased the U.S. need for raw materials and foreign markets

Imperialism

Policy of extending a nation’s power through territorial acquisition or economic dominance

Economic Imperialism

Control of other regions through trade and investment rather than direct colonization

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer who argued that strong naval power was essential to national greatness

Social Darwinism

Belief that stronger nations or races were naturally destined to dominate weaker ones

White Man’s Burden

Idea that Western nations had a duty to “civilize” non-Western peoples

Spanish-American War

1898 conflict that resulted in the U.S. gaining overseas territories

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized reporting that fueled public support for war

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Ended the Spanish-American War and granted the U.S. overseas territories

Philippines

U.S. territory acquired after the Spanish-American War

Philippine-American War

Conflict where the U.S. suppressed Filipino independence movements

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases ruling that constitutional rights did not fully apply to U.S. territories

Platt Amendment

Law that allowed U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs

Hawaii Annexation

U.S. acquisition of Hawaii for strategic and economic reasons

Anti-Imperialist League

Organization opposing U.S. imperialism on moral and constitutional grounds

Open Door Policy

Policy promoting equal trade access in China

Panama Canal

Man-made canal that improved U.S. trade and military movement

Roosevelt Corollary

Expansion of the Monroe Doctrine allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft’s policy of using economic power instead of military force abroad

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt’s foreign policy emphasizing military strength

Progressivism

Reform movement addressing social, political, and economic problems

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and abuses

Upton Sinclair

Author whose work led to food safety reforms

Pure Food and Drug Act

Law regulating food and medicine safety

Meat Inspection Act

Law requiring federal inspection of meat products

Federal Trade Commission

Agency created to regulate unfair business practices

Settlement Houses

Community centers providing aid to urban immigrants

Jane Addams

Leader of the settlement house movement

AFL

Labor union focused on skilled workers and collective bargaining

IWW

Radical labor union advocating industrial unionism

Collective Bargaining

Negotiation between workers and employers

Conservation

Controlled use of natural resources

Preservation

Protection of nature from human use

Gifford Pinchot

Conservationist who supported regulated use of land

Theodore Roosevelt

President who expanded conservation and progressive reforms

World War I

Global conflict that expanded U.S. international influence

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy targeting ships without warning

Zimmermann Telegram

German proposal to Mexico that pushed the U.S. toward war

Fourteen Points

Wilson’s peace plan promoting democracy and self-determination

Treaty of Versailles

Peace treaty that punished Germany and contributed to WWII

League of Nations

International organization proposed to prevent future wars

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment

KKK (Second Ku Klux Klan)

White supremacist organization revived in the 1920s

Harlem Renaissance

African American cultural and artistic movement

Mass Consumerism

Increased purchasing of consumer goods

Prohibition

Nationwide ban on alcohol

18th Amendment

Amendment establishing Prohibition

19th Amendment

Amendment granting women the right to vote

Flappers

Young women who challenged traditional gender norms

Why did industrialization encourage U.S. imperialism

It created a need for foreign markets and raw materials

How did Alfred Thayer Mahan influence U.S. foreign policy

He argued that naval power was key to global dominance

What role did yellow journalism play in the Spanish-American War

It increased public support for war

Why did the U.S. acquire overseas territories after 1898

To expand markets and global influence

How did the Insular Cases affect U.S. territories

They denied full constitutional rights to residents

Why was the Platt Amendment significant

It allowed U.S. control over Cuban affairs

What was the goal of the Open Door Policy

To ensure equal trade access in China

How did the Panama Canal strengthen U.S. power

It improved trade and military mobility

What did the Roosevelt Corollary justify

U.S. intervention in Latin America

How did Dollar Diplomacy differ from military intervention

It relied on economic influence

What problems did Progressives seek to fix

Corruption, inequality, and industrial abuses

How did muckrakers contribute to reform

They exposed corruption and unsafe practices

Why were settlement houses important

They helped immigrants adapt to urban life

How did Progressives expand democracy

Through political reforms like direct elections

What was the difference between conservation and preservation

Conservation allowed regulated use; preservation banned use

Why did the U.S. enter World War I

German actions and economic ties to Allies

How did WWI change the U.S. economy

It made the U.S. a global creditor

Why did the U.S. reject the League of Nations

Fear of entangling alliances

What caused the Great Migration

Job opportunities and escape from Southern racism

How did migration impact U.S. cities

Increased urbanization and cultural change

Why did nativism increase during this period

Fear of immigrants and job competition

What was the significance of the Harlem Renaissance

It celebrated African American culture

How did technology change American life

It increased consumerism and mass culture

Why was Prohibition enacted

To regulate morality and leisure

Why did Prohibition fail

It led to illegal alcohol production

What did the 19th Amendment accomplish

Women gained the right to vote

How did flappers reflect cultural change

They challenged traditional gender roles

What long-term effect did the Treaty of Versailles have

It contributed to World War II