C173 Version 3 Language Agnostic Diagram | Quizlet

input

A program gets data, perhaps from a file, keyboard, touchscreen, network, etc.

process

A program performs computations on that data, such as adding two values like x + y.

Output

A program puts that data somewhere, such as to a file, screen, network, etc.

variable

Used by programs to refer to data. It is a named item, used to hold a value.

flowchart

A graphical language for creating computer programs.

Program

A list of statements, each statement carrying out some action and executing one at a time.

Run, execute

Words for carrying out a program's statements.

String literal

Text (characters) within double quotes.

Characters

Any letter (a-z, A-Z), digit (0-9), or symbol (~, !, @, etc.).

newline

Special two-character sequence \n whose appearance in an output string literal causes the cursor to move to the next output line.

comment

Text a programmer adds to a program, to be read by humans (other programmers), but ignored by the program when executing.

Moore's Law

Engineers have reduced switch sizes by half about every 2 years.

bit

A single 0 or 1.

byte

Eight bits. Ex. 11000101

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Code that is the numerical representation of a character. Ex. Z would be stored in a computer as 1011010.

Pseudocode

Text that resembles a program in a real programming language but is simplified to aid human understanding.

assignment statement

Assigns a variable with a value, such as X=5.

variable declaration

declares a new variable, specifying the variable's name and type.

integer

Variable type that can hold whole numbers.

Expression

Can be a number, a variable name (numApples), or a simple calculation like (numApples + 1).

Identifier

A name created by a programmer for an item like a variable or function. Must be a sequence of letters, underscores, and digits or start with a letter or underscore. They are case sensitive.

Reserved word (or keyword)

A word that is part of the language, like integer, Get or Put. These words cannot be used as an identifier.

Naming conventions

A set of style guidelines defined by a company, team, teacher, etc., for naming variables.

Lower camel case

Capitalize each word except the first, as in numApples.

Operator

A symbol that performs a built-in calculation, like the + which performs addition.

Precedence rules

An expression is evaluated using the order of standard mathematics.

Incremental development

The progress of writing, compiling, and testing a small amount of code, then writing, compiling, and testing a small amount more (an incremental amount), and so on.

floating-point number

Refers to the decimal point being able to appear anywhere ("float") in the number. Ex. 98.6, 0.0006.

Floating-point literal

A number with a fractional part, even if that fraction is 0.

Infinity or -Infinity

Dividing a nonzero floating-point number by zero.

Not a number

Indicates an unrepresentable or undefined value.

Function

A list of statements executed by invoking the function's name, with such invoking know as a function call.

Arguments

Any function input values that appear within ( ), and are separated by commas if more than one.

RandomNumber()

A function is a built-in zyFlowchart function that takes two arguments, lowValue and highValue, and returns a random integer in the range lowValue to highValue. Ex: RandomNumber(1, 10) returns a random integer in the range 1 to 10.

Divide-by-zero error

Occurs at runtime if a divisor is 0, causing a program to terminate.

Type conversion

A conversion of one data type to another, such as an integer to a float.

modulo operator

evaluates to the remainder of the division of two integer operands. Ex: 23 % 10 is 3.

constant

A named value item that holds a value that cannot change.

Array

A special variable having one name, but storing a list of data items, with each item being directly accessible.

Element

Each item in an array.

Index

Each element's location number of an array.

Branch

A sequence of statements only executed under a certain condition.

If-else

A decision and its two branches. IF the decision's expression is true then the first branch executes, ELSE the second branch executes.

Nested branches

The nested branches can take on various forms, and the if-else branches may even use different variables.

Equality operator

Checks whether two operands' values are the same (==) or different(!=).

Boolean

Type that has just two values: true or false.

relational operator

Checks how one operand's value relates to another. For example, >=.

logical operator

Treats operands as being true or false, and evaluates to true or false.

Epsilon

The difference threshold indicating that floating-point numbers are equal.

Loop

A program construct that repeatedly executes the loop's statements (known as loop body).

Iteration

Each time through a loop's statement.

Sentinel value

Special value indicating the end of a list, such as a list of positive integers ending with 0.

while loop

A loop that repeatedly executes the loop body while the loop's expression evaluates to true.

for loop

A loop consisting of a loop variable initialization, a loop expression, and a loop variable update that typically describes iterating for a specific number of times.

function definition

Consists of the new function's name and block of statements.

Nested Loop

Loop that appears in the body of another loop.

do-while loop

Loop that first executes the loop body's statements, then checks the loop condition.

parameter

A function input specified in a function definition.

function

A named list of statement

function call

An invocation of a function's name, causing the function's statements to execute.

Argument

A value provided to a function's parameter during a function call.

Return variable

A function may return one value and does so by assigning a return variable with the return value.

Modular development

The process of dividing a program into separate modules that can be developed and tested separately and then integrated into a single program.

Incremental Dev

A process in which a programmer writes and tests a few statements, then writes and tests a small amount more.

return statement

Statement that returns the specified value and immediately exits the function.

algorithm

Sequence of steps that solves a program, generating correct output for any valid input values.

Algorithm time efficiency

The number of calculations required to solve a problem.

Systems development life cycle (SDLC)

Analysis Phase, Design Phase, Implementation phase, testing phase

Waterfall Approach

Carrying out the SDLC phases in sequence.

Agile or spiral approach

A program can be built by doing small amounts of each SDLC phases in sequence, then repeating.

Universal Modeling Language

Modeling language for software design that uses different types of diagrams to visualize the structure and behavior of programs.

Use Case Diagram

Behavioral diagram used to visually model how a user interacts with a software program.

compiled language

A program written in a compiled language is first converted by a tool (compiler) into machine code, which can run on a particular machine. Ex. C, C++, and Java.

Interpreted Language

A language that is run one statement at a time by another program called an interpreter. Ex. Python, Javascript, C#.

object-oriented language

Supports decomposing a program into objects.

library

A set of pre-written functions that carry out common tasks, that a programmer can use to improve productivity.

TERM

Analysis

DEFINITION

First step in the waterfall approach. Defines a program's goals.

TERM

Design

DEFINITION

The second step in the waterfall approach of SDLC. Defines specifics of a program.

TERM

Implementation

DEFINITION

The third step of the waterfall approach. Involves writing the program.

TERM

Testing

DEFINITION

The fourth step of the waterfall approach. Checks that the programs correctly meets the goals.

interpreter

used to run a program's statements

binary number

using base two numbers, 0 and 1

Use Case

describes a singular goal of one user and briefly outlines how they will accomplish the goal

class diagram

models the objects of a program

sequence diagram

interaction between software components and order of events

activity diagram

a flowchart of an activity (loop, function, etc.) within the program

structural diagrams

UML diagrams used to design static elements of a program

behavioral diagrams

UML diagrams used to design dynamic elements of a program