Unit Four: Industrial Revolution/Imperialism - Parzych HMWH

Karl Marx - Inventor of communism who wrote The Communist Manifesto - Proletariat (workers) need to overthrow the Bourgeoisie (factory owners)

Jeremy Bentham - Invented Utilitarianism - laws passed to promote the “greatest good” in society

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Main Dem. Liberal in England

Ferdinand de Lesseps - French architect who oversees construction of Suez Canal - Canal is a “Lifeline to India” (essential to British trade with India bc the route is shorter)

Chulalongkorn - Welcomes European customs and traditions to Siam (he had a British schoolteacher) - Siam becomes more modernized and industrialized

Mutsuhito - Meiji Emperor who is the first Japanese ruler under the Treaty of Kanagawa

Adam Smith - Founder of capitalism - supply and demand - No government involvement in economy (free-market economy)

Mongkut - Changes the name of “Thailand” to “Siam” which generates national pride (very popular) - keeps Siam an independent country during imperialism

Queen Victoria - Great Britain expands and becomes a massive superpower during her reign

Refers to her colonies as “jewels in her crown” - greatest jewels are South Africa and India

Robert Owen - First to try Utopian Socialism with his Industrial Socialist Mill - successful at first but then goes bankrupt

Dowager Ci Xi - Regent of China (serves as an advisor until the monarch is old enough to rule - kills them off so she can keep ruling)

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Self Strengthening Movement: Modernizes and Industrializes China - Modern Army

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Corrupt and spends the money for army modernization on herself (buys her nice things) - EX. Fills bullets with sand instead of gunpowder which leads to a massacre

Muhammad Ali - Leader of Egypt who has the idea to connect the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea - borrows money from Great Britain to build Suez Canal - G.B. is now invested in the canal and wants their money to be protected so Egypt becomes a Protectorate of England

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Matthew Perry - American military leader who leads warships to Japan to rescue American shipwreck survivors held captive by Japan - Threatens to declare war (give them back or else) - Japan’s army is very non-industrialized so the American army wins - Japan has to sign Treaty of Kanagawa

Liberty Leading the People - Eugene Delacroix - Romanticism

The Raft of Medusa - Theodore Gericault - Romanticism

The Bar at the Folies Bergeres - Edouard Manet - Realism

Water Lily Pond - Claude Monet - Impressionism

Sunday Afternoon - Georges Suerat - Post Impressionism

Sunflowers - Vincent Van Gogh - Post Impressionism

The Third of May, 1808 - Francisco de Goya - Romanticism

The Gleaners - Jean F. Millet - Realism

The Scream - Edvard Munch - Symbolism

Dance of the Moulin de Gallette - Auguste Renoir - Impressionism

Types of Energy

Used to power machines:

* Water power
* Steam engine (James Watt) - steam operates pistons that move machinery - factories are now built in convenient places (resources, ports, railroads, etc.)
* Electric generator/”dynamo” (Michael Faraday) -

Factors leading to the Industrial Revolution in Britain

\-Lots of money available for investing in new businesses/factories

\-Enclosure movement (small farms go bankrupt because they can’t feed their livestock for free)

\-Small farmers move to cities to get jobs at factories

\-England has many natural resources good for factories (iron and coal)

\-Good water transportation (rivers, canals, harbors) - good for shipping and water power

Domestic System

Cottage industry - goods made out of the home - how goods were made before the Industrial Revolution - very expensive so people didn’t have much

Factory System

Machines and people mass produce goods and services (many changes for the better) - many products (like clothes) become cheaper - factory workers make more money - health improves because people ow have multiple pairs of clothes

Industrial Capitalism

The continuous reinvestment in new businesses - corporations sell stock to generate O.P.M. (other people’s money) - Joint stock companies

New inventions in the British Textile Industry - Kay

Flying Shuttle

New inventions in the British Textile Industry - Hargreaves

Spinning Jenny

New inventions in the British Textile Industry - Arkwright

Water Frame

New inventions in the British Textile Industry - Crompton

Spinning Mule

New inventions in the British Textile Industry - Cartwright

Power Loom

New Transportation Inventions - Trevithick

Steam Locomotive - Faster shipping and transportation

New Transportation Inventions - Fulton

Steamboat - Faster water travel between countries

New Transportation Inventions - Daimler

Gas Engine for cars

New Transportation Inventions - Diesel

Oil Engine for cars

New Transportation Inventions - Zeppelin

Dirigible/Blimp

New Transportation Inventions - Wright Brothers

Airplane

Inventions improve standards of living - Edison

Electric Lighting - previously oil lamps were very flammable so life is much safer

Inventions improve standards of living - Graham Bell

Telephone - improves communication

Inventions improve standards of living - Marconi

Radio - Improves communication between countries

Inventions improve standards of living - Morse

Telegraph - improves long term communication

Problems in Society during the Industrial Revolution

Labor Conditions are very dangerous because there’s no labor laws

Women and Child labor - earning much less money than men

Tenents (small apartment building) - overcrowding, lack of privacy, no running water, bathrooms

Unemployment - not enough jobs for everyone

Crime - people can’t earn money any other way

Pollution - steam engines, electricity, coal

New social classes

White collar - have skill, education, paid more

Blue collar - works with their hands (factories)

Women’s suffrage in Britain

Women get active roles in government, voting, parliament, white collar jobs - become breadwinners

Public Education begins

People can now educate their kids instead of sending them to work - literacy increases (more information, new ideas, explosion of knowledge) - one room schoolhouses

Scientific advancements - Darwin

Theory of evolution

Scientific advancements - Mendel

Genetics

Scientific advancements - Jenner

Vaccinations

Scientific advancements - Simpson

Chloroform/Anesthesia

Scientific advancements - Roentgen

X-Rays

Industries built for leisure time

Amusement Parks

Sports Teams

Theater and Arts

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There’s an increase in leisure time and these activities have a positive influence on society

Romanticism

The artist is trying to invoke some kind of feeling/emotion or convey a message

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First modern art style

Realism

Portraying life as it really is - gives a good insight on what it was like to live in industrialized society

Symbolism

Escaping industrialized society - use of imagery to suggest the world of the spirit

Impressionism

Captures a momentary impression of the senses (a moment in time) - not interested in politics - uses large brushstrokes, lots of color, and light (Degas painted ballet dancers)

Post Impressionism

Trying to recreate a moment in time or a feeling - based on impressionism but a lot less action

Laissez Faire (liberals)

Hands off - no government involvement in business

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Problems: Workers treated poorly, little safety, no minimum wage -owners trying to get the greatest profit possible

David Ricardo

Theory of Comparative Advantage - attitude about how nations can become wealthy and powerful - export more than you import, little to no gov. involvement (justifies gov’s lack of action)

Democratic Liberals

Government needs to be involved to protect workers and make businesses fair - child labor laws, anti-slavery, womens’s suffrage, labor unions (represents rights of workers)

Robert Wilberforce

Prime minister when England passes Democratic Liberal social reforms (ending slavery, women get right to vote)

Utopian Socialist

Founded by Charles Fourier - businesses should be owned by workers - phalanxes formed (everybody owns part of business and everyone makes decisions) - businesses will want to work harder if they share the profits

Imperialism

Empire building - direct result of the industrial revolution - countries need control of other places to get money and resources

Reasons for Imperialism

Nations wanted:

\-Natural resources

\-Cheap labor for factories (no minimum wage laws in foreign countries

\-New marketplaces for goods (colonial citizens have to buy mother countries products)

\-Fame and Prestige

Imperialist Powers and Have Nots

England and France - need large navies to maintain colonies

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Have Nots - Germany, Italy, Belgium - wants a big empire but has little funds (late to the game)

Types of Imperialism

Colonies, Protectorates, Spheres of Influence

Colony

Territory is directly ruled by an imperialist country - have to invade and defeat the country in battle - takes their resources and uses them to earn money - citizens of these colonies are “second class”

Protectorate

Country has its own government but a foreign country influences its actions and foreign policies - keeps military there to **protect their economic interests** (Ex. Great Britain in Egypt)

Sphere of Influence

Imperialist powers have exclusive trading right in specific regions of a country - CHINA

Negative impacts of imperialism

Predjudice and discrimination

Prejudice

A prejudgment about a group/thing - imperialist countries think foreign countries are uncivilized - White Man’s Burden, Western Way, etc.

White Man’s Burden

It’s white people (Europeans) duty to help/rule/control other inferior countries - leads to western way

Western Way

Imperialist country imposes their culture and customs in a colony/protectorate

Discrimination/racism

Based on your prejudice you treat people differently - Europeans think citizens of foreign nations are “children” who need to be “guided” (inferior)

Positive Impacts of Imperialism

Imperialist countries build railroads, roads, schools, electricity, running water, etc. (Industrialization and Modernization) - brought in for the white people to use (not natives)

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Standard of Living Improves

Berlin Conference

European Powers split up Africa into territories - no representatives from Africa are invited because Europeans think they’re better than them

Independent Nations after the Berlin conference

Ethiopia is independent because they fought back and Liberia is independent because that’s an American colony where they send their former slaves

Battle of Adowa

Italy was given Ethiopia (led by King Menelik II) and Tripoli (Libya) at the Berlin Conference

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The Ethiopian Army (non-industrialized - bows, arrows, spears) defeats the Italian Army (modern and industrialized) - embarrassing (Italy becomes a laughingstock)

Cecil Rhodes

First to establish a British Colony on the **interior** of Africa (Rhodesia - modernly known as Zimbabwe) - Sets up British control from North to South Africa - **British builds first transcontinental railroad**

Conflict about South Africa - Netherlands vs. Britain

Afrikaners (Dutch Settlers) control South Africa (British call them Boers)

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Britain is given S.A. at the Berlin Conference but has to conquer it from the Netherlands - British wins the Boer Wars - Treaty of Vereeniging - South Africa becomes a bright jewel in Victoria’s crown

Treaty of Vereeniging

Peace agreement between Netherlands and Britain after the Boer Wars - South Africa becomes a British colony

ANC

African National Congress (Starts in South Africa) - movement of African Nationalism trying to rid Africa from European control

Mughal Empire

Hindus and Muslims have been fighting for control - Muslims rule during their empire - Hindus want to drive Muslims out

East India Company

British trading corporation that oversees British Trade in Southeast Asia - Britain creates trading posts in Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta

Victoria’s “Brightest Jewel” (India is very valuable)

India produces cotton, coffee, tea, indigo, opium (heroin) - major cash crops - Britain forces India to grow these crops (earns them money)

Controlled Economy in India

Indians can only buy British Goods (can’t make their own)

Sepoy Rebellion

Sepoy - Indian soldiers serving in the British Army - mostly Muslim (can’t eat pork)

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British sealed gun cartridges with pig fat (soldiers have to bite them to use the gun - breaking Muslim law) - Sepoy’s complain to British but they don’t care - Sepoy’s rebel against British and this protest spreads to all of India - British sends their army and India becomes a colony (formerly a Protectorate)

INC

Indian National Congress - Movement of Indian Nationalism trying to gain independence from British rule/occupation

Malaysia Imperialism

Referred to as the “Spice Islands” - pepper, cinnamon, cardamom, etc. (very valuable)

Colony of Portugal

Melaka - main trading city and current capital

Philippines Imperialism

Colony of Spain - many trading posts

Manila - big trading post and current capital

Exotic resources - rubber, diamonds, coal, etc.

Spanish impacts - Christianity, Corn, Cocoa (Corn and COCOA are major cash crops for Spain)

Indonesia Imperialism

Colony of the Netherlands - many spices and natural resources

Java - Main trading post

Indochina

Made up of modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia

Colony of France - produces tremendous wealth for French Empire

Phraya Chakkri

Founder of Thailand/Siam - opens the country to European trade - forms city called Bangkok

Thailand has many natural resources in demand in Europe - TEA

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japan is being controlled/led by their military

Policy of isolationism - Japan wants nothing to do with Europe bc the Japanese are “superior” (shintoism)

Japan flourishes during this time period

Treaty of Kanagawa

Japan has to start trading with America and Europe

Meiji Emperors

“The enlightened emperors” - Japan becomes modernized and industrialized under them - Japan begins to seek other countries (colonies and protectorates)

Meiji Restoration/Improvements in Japan

Industrialism (factories)

Land Reforms

Education (schools)

Modern Military

Modernization (electricity, railroads, running water, etc.)

Zaibatsu

Japanese factory owners convince emperors to begin aggressive imperialism in Asia - Japan becomes an aggressive player in Southeast Asian politics

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Controls Korea, Northern China, Taiwan, Sakhalin Islands, Pescadores Islands, Ryukyu islands

Manchu Dynasty

Policy of Isolationism - No Europeans

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Eventually decides that the best way to deal with foreigners is to give them one trading city - Guangzhou (Canton for Europeans) - SOLE trade port - British wants more trading access and China says no which is offensive to G.B.

Chinese drug problems leading up to the Opium war

British opium from India is sold and spreads through China (very popular - opium dens built)

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Drug problem - everyone is high and not doing anything productive

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Gov. tries to confiscate drugs and stop it from getting into China - Britain gets offended when China tells them to stop - Britain says release British opium traders from jail and return our drugs or ELSE