Nursing Midterm Practice Flashcards

What are traits of a profession?

Specialized knowledge, high individual responsibility, higher ed training, independence in practice, vital service to society, service-oriented members

What makes nursing a profession?

Specialized body of knowledge + requires critical thinking and scientific rational

What is the role of the ANA?

• Improves healthcare access/standards

• Developed code of ethics for nursing

• Defines standards of nursing practice

What is the role of the ICN?

• Maintains / improves nursing standards

• Represents nursing worldwide

• Global health policy

What is the NLN?

National League of nursing, focuses on nursing education standards

LPN/LVN is how many months?

9-12 months

What is the difference between an RN and an LPN/LVN?

LPN/LVN provides basic bedside care, while RN’s do more assessment, planning, leadership, and understand WHY they are doing what they are doing

What are entry pathways into nursing?

HS Diploma, associates, BSN, masters, doctoral

What does a BSN emphasize?

Independence of practice

Where are LPN/LVN programs offered?

Hospitals, community colleges, some high schools

Role of a Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)?

Expert in specialized area of practice

What are the four advanced nursing roles

clinical nurse specialist, nurse practitioner, CRNA, certified nurse midwife

Role of a nurse practitioner

An advanced practice registered nurse who provides high-quality, patient-centered healthcare

Key changes that occurred in nursing during/after Civil War?

• Created immediate need for nurses

• Army and Navy Nurse Corps established

• Nursing education expanded

• Shift toward scientific, research-based practice

Major 21st-century influences on nursing?

• Curriculum changes

• Technology advances

• Nursing shortage

• Medically underserved populations

• Healthcare reform/costs

• Baby boomers retiring (1 in 5 by 2030)

Contemporary nursing challenge

• Nursing shortage

• Burnout

• Baby boomers retiring

• Rising costs

What are social determinants of health?

Inadequate resources
Lack of culturally competent care
Inadequate access to patient language services

Contribution of Florence Nightingale?"

• Created the first nursing school

• Linked sanitation to disease prevention

• “Environment affects healing”

What did Nightingale believe affected healing?

The environment

Why is there a nursing shortage?

• Burnout

• Retiring baby boomers

• Not enough educational space

Where are more nurses needed today?

• Community settings (schools, health centers, homes, etc.)

Peplau ‘sTheory

Nurse-client relationship is therapeutic (4 phases)

Who is the mother of psychiatric nursing?

Hildegard Peplau

4 phases of Peplau’s theory

• Preorientation

• Orientation

• Working

• Resolution

Henderson Theory

Nurses help patients meet (14) basic needs and gain independence

Rogers Theory

Human and environment are one; nursing is art and science

Orem ‘s Theory

Promotes self-care and self-sufficiency

Leininger’s Theory

Transcultural nursing- Care should be culturally sensitive and individualized

Roy’s Adaptation Theory

Nurses help patients adapt to physical, psychological, and social changes

Watson’s Theory

Caring/compassion/empathy prevents illness and promotes/restores health

Why are nursing theories important?

They build nursing knowledge, link theory/research practice and improves patient care

What is EBP

Integrating the best current evidence into nursing practice

Steps of EBP

Ask —> collect —> appraise —> integrate —> evaluate —> share

What is Quality Improvement (QI)?

Improving nursing processes or unit outcomes by fixing a local problelm

What is nursing research?

Systematic study to create new knowledge and improve patient care

Steps of research

Identify problem —> select design —> conduct study —> analyze data —> use findings

What is QSEN

Quality and safety education for nurses (patient-centered care, collaborationk EBP, QI, safety)

Elements of the communication process

Referent (stimulus) —> sender (encodes) —> channel —> receiver (decodes). —> feedback —> interpersonal variables —> environment

Assertive communication

Honest, direct, respectful (most preferred form of communication in nursing)

Nonassertive communication

submissive

Aggressive communication

Humiliating, dominating, sometimes bullying

What is a referent in communication?

Stimulus that initiates communication

Sender role in communication

Encodes and delivers message (turns thought into communication)

Receiver role in communication

Decodes/interprets message

What are “channels” in communication

Means of converting and receiving messages through visual, auditory, and tactile senses

What is feedback?

A response showing message understanding

What are interpersonal variables?

Factor within sender/receiver that affect communication (i.e perception and education)

Nonverbal communication examples

Facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture/gait

Which form of communication is most powerful?

Nonverbal communication

Communication builders

Active listening, touch, sharing empathy/humor

Examples of communication blockers

Changing the subject, false reassurance, defensive responses

Morals

Standards of right and wrong

Values

Beliefs that give meaning to life

Autonomy

Patient’s right to make healthcare decisions

Beneficence

Moral and ethical obligation to act in the best interest of the patient

Non-maleficence

Do no harm

Justice

Fair distribution of resources

Fidelity

Keeping commitments, loyal

Veracity

Truthfulness and honesty

Nursing code of ethics

Set of standards that guides nurses in making moral decisions, advocating for patient safety, and maintaining professional integrity in healthcare

Purpose of Nursing Code of Ethics

Ensures patient advocacy, helps maintain professional integrity, and guides ethical decision making

ethical dilemma

Two opposing actions, both ethically justified

Moral distress

Feeling compelled to act in a way you believe is wrong

First step in addressing an ethical dilemma

Determine if it is an ethical problem or moral distress

Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act

Federal law stating hospitals with emergency departments must screen and stabilize anyone needing emergency care, regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay

Steps to address an ethical dilemma

1. Is it an ethical problem?

2. Gather info

3. Identify ethical elements

4. Name the problem

5. Consider actions

6. Create & carry out plan

7. Evaluate

Mental Health Parity Act

Ensures mental health coverage is equal to physical health coverage

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Prevents discrimination against disabilities

Advance directive

Umbrella term for legal healthcare planning documents

Living will

Outlines specific wishes for medical treatment

Healthcare proxy

Person chosen to make healthcare decisions

Statutory law

Laws from government statutes/codes

Common law

Judge-made law based on prior court decisions

Criminal law

Laws involving crimes/offenses

Purpose of Good Samaritan Law

Protects healthcare workers from legal liability when they voluntarily provide care in emergencies

Important rule under Good Samaritan Law

You cannot abandon care once started

What is malpractice?

professional negligence; nurse fails to provide accepted standard of care, directly resulting in patient injury/harm

4 elements of malpractice:

1. Duty (duty existed)

2. Breach (duty not carried out)

3. Causation (lack of care caused harm/injury)

4. Damages (prove the lack of care cause the injury)

What must nurses report?

"Abuse

Tort

Wrongful act against a person

True or false: torts can be unintentional and intentional

True

Examples of intentional torts

Assault, abandonment, false imprisonment, invasion of privacy

Negligence

Failure to meet professional standard causing harm

Malpractice vs negligence

• Negligence = ordinary careless

• Malpractice = professional careless

HIPAA- health insurance portability and accountability act

Protects patient privacy/confidentiality

What must be reported under mandatory reporting?

• communicable diseases

• incomplete immunizations

• child/elder/domestic abuse or neglect

3 domains of learning

cognitive, affective, and psychomotor

Cognitive learning

Learning knowledge through thinking/understanding/discussion

Affective learning

Learning through sharing feelings/values

Psychomotor learning

Learning physical skills through practice, demonstration, repetition

teaching methods for cognitive learning

Lecture, Q&A, discussion

Teaching methods for psychomotor learning

Demonstration, repetition and practice

Teaching method for affective learning

Role play, group discussion

Examples of integrative care

Yoga, massage, acupuncture, herbal supplements

Traditional medicine

Standard evidence-based medical care (strongly evidence-based)

Alternative medicine

Nontraditional, mind/body/spirit therapies used instead of conventional medicine (less evidence based, more culutral/historical)

Examples of social determinants of health

Economic stability, education access/quality, healthcare access/quality, social context

Christman contribution

First male dean of nursing school, first to employ Black nurses at Vanderbilt

Wald contribution

Founder of public health nursing

Mahoney contribution

First African American nurse