Post-Cold War World

Globalization

Increased movement of goods, ideas, people, culture and money across borders. Quickly grew in the 90s due to the internet, transportation, free trade, and easier manufacturing.

Neoliberalism

Economic philosophy favoring free markets, privatization, deregulation, and reduced government involvement

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Companies operating in multiple countries for production, manufacturing, and sales

World Trade Organization (WTO)

International organization regulating global trade and settling disputes between countries.

Dot-Com Boom

Rapid expansion of internet businesses during the 90s. Increased technology investment and speculation.

Battle of Seattle

Protests outside WTO meeting in Seattle. Opposed environmental impacts mainly but also labor abuses and globalization.

Maastricht Treaty

Better European countries to create deeper cooperation. Establishes EU.

The European Union (EU)

political and economic alliance of European nations. Allowed for easier movement, cooperation, and common policies.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Between the US, Canada and Mexico to reduce tariffs between them to encourage trade.

PRI

Mexican political party that dominated for decades. Stayed in power through corrupt and controlled elections.

Peso Crisis

1994 Economic crisis where the peso lost value quickly causing unemployment and business failures. People migrated to the US.

Zapatista Uprising

Rebellion in Chiapas Mexico where indigenous groups protested poverty, land loss, and inequality. Wanted protection and recognition of their rights.

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

Guerilla fighters in Colombia who fought the government over inequality and land reform. Funded through drug trafficking.

Medellin & Cali Cartels

Drug organizations in Colombia. One was led by Pablo Escobar and used violence and fear. The other one used bribery and political influence.

Jean-Bertrand Aristide

Haiti’s first democratically elected president who was removed from power later by a military coup.

Cedras

Haitian military leader who overthrew Aristide

Operation Uphold Democracy

US led to restore Aristide to power. Political violence still continued after.

NATO Expansion

Eastern European countries joined NATO after the CW. Increased Western influence and created tension with Russia.

1994 Budapest Memorandum

Ukraine gave up Soviet nuclear weapons after the USSR fell. In exchange, Russia, US, and UK would respect Ukraine’s borders.

Shock Therapy

Used in Russia and Eastern Europe to move from communism to capitalism. Caused inflation, unemployment, and inequality.

1993 Constitutional Crisis

Russian parliament opposed reforms and military force was used by Yeltsin. So Yeltsin ordered the military to attack parliament, abusing power and creating a new constitution giving the president more power.

Chechnya

In Southwestern Russia wanting independence. Russia fought to keep them in control. Russia struggled exposing their weaknesses.

Vladimir Putin

Rose to power promising stability and stronger government authority.

The Balkan Wars

Series of wars in Europe after Yugoslavia collapsed. Caused by ethnic nationalism and independence movements.

Milosevic

Serbian leader who got a lot of power associated with aggressive nationalism and war crimes.

Ethnic Cleansing

Forced removal of an ethnic group from a region.

Siege of Sarajevo

Serbian forces surrounded Sarajevo, Bosnia with civilians experiencing attacks

Srebrenica Massacre

Mass killing of Bosniak’s. Considered a genocide.

Dayton Accords

Peace agreement ending the Bosnian war.

Kosovo War

Between Serbia and Albanians who wanted to break from Serbia. NATO intervenes by bombing with peacekeepers present.

ICTY

UN court to hold people accountable for war crimes. First since WWII.

The Troubles

Violent conflict between Catholic Nationalists and Protestant unionists in Northern Ireland.

1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty

Created an Irish Free State with Northern Ireland a part of Britain.

Bloody Sunday

British soldiers killed unarmed Catholic protestors. Increased support for IRA.

IRA

Republic parliamentary groups wanting a united Ireland. Used violence to do so and end British rule in Ireland.

Sinn Fein

Political wing tied to Republican nomination.

UVF/UDA

Protestant parliamentary groups supporting British Control. Wanted Northern Ireland to remain part of UK

Good Friday Agreement

Ends most violence creating a power-sharing government and reforms.

Battle of Mogadishu/Black Hawk Down

In Somalia during US intervention causing other countries to be afraid to intervene. A US helicopter lands in the wrong place, another shot down and street fight breaks out, Happens while trying to capture Aidid and his workers.

Rwandan Genocide

Hutu extremists killed Tutsis and some Hutus. 1 million dead in 100 days. It started due to the president's plane being shot down and Tutsis blamed. Citizens kill one another.

Tutsis & Hutus

Major social groups which had little mobility.

RPF

Tutsi rebel group by Kagame which ended the genocide.

First Congo War/Second Congo War

Rwandan backed rebels first removed Mobutu from power leaving Kabila to lead “democratically.” Next was “Africa’s World War” over Kabila betraying allies.

Sudanese Civil War

Conflict between Northern and Southern Sudan which were split by ethnic, religious, and political views. Some wanted to join, others not.

SPLA

Rebel group against teh government who wanted the South to get independence.

Darfur

Poor region which wanted attention and was met with militia ethnic cleansing and violence. Still remains today.

Child Soldiers

Forced into army groups during conflict. LRA kidnapped over 20,000 kids to do brutal jobs after brainwashed

India-Pakistan Conflict

Based back to British partition which had to do with Hindu’s and Muslims. Focused mainly on Kashmir and nationalism,

Kashmir

Mountain region which both Pakistan and India wanted. There was a Muslim majority here but a Hindu ruler so there was lots of tension.

Line of Control

Line in Kashmir dividing India territory from Pakistani one. Not official border but it was there.

Lahore (Declaration (1999)

Agreement to promote dialogue and peacte talks with nuclear transparency. Became an issue now htat more country had nukes - need to stay safe

Kargil War

Pakistani forces crossed the border and the US responded militarily. First direct conflict between two declared weapons

Arab-Israeli Conflict

Conflict territory, nationalism, and Palestinian statehood. Never could really agree.

First Intifada

Palestine uprising in Gaza and West bank rising due to killings from either side.

PLO

Organization for Palestine political rights which as time went on was open to negotiation for the 2 state proposal. Led by Arafat

Hamas

Opposed Israeli control rejecting the 2 state proposal. Extremist group. Provides aid to get public support.

Madrid Conference

Attempt to negotiate peace between Israel and Arab groups

“Land for Peace”

Israel would withdraw from Gaza and West Bank in exchange for peace.

Oslo Accords

Made secretly and signed by Rabin and Arafat eventually. Established mutual recognition and Palestinian self-rule in its territories.

Rabin

Israeli leader who signed Oslo accords

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian leader who signed Oslo accords. Also the leader of PLO

Palestinian Authority

Governing body made by Oslo. Managed what happened in Gaza and West Bank. Leader more than anything.

Second Intifada

More violent that the first with suicide attacks and stronger ISraeli response. Triggered by Israeli politician in holy site in Jerusalem