289 People

Stanley Coren

discovered there is an increase of traffic accidents for a week after Spring Daylight Savings

Nathaniel Kleitman and William Dement

discovered REM sleep cycle

Franz Anton Mesmer

cured people “magically”, he began hypnosis in the 18th century

James Braid

coined the term hypnotism (Greek for sleep) in 18th century, thought it would be useful for anesthesia

Theodore Barber and Nicholas Spanos

devised Social-Cognitive Theory of Hypnosis: Hypnosis as Role Playing

Robert McCarley and J. Allan Hobson

developed the activation synthesis view of dreaming (you dream to make sense of the activation in brain centers)

Rosalind Cartwright

developed the problem-solving model of dreaming

Janet Werker

worked in development of language in infants (optimal periods are not rigid)

Laura-Ann Petitto

babbling is one of the monumental milestones in language acquisition (deaf babies still babble)

Allen and Beatrice

chimp named Washoe, in four years he acquired a SIGN vocab of 160 words

Herbert Terrace

critiqued whether Washoe had mastered the rules of language. believed it was actually imitation and operant conditioning

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

bonobo chimp named Kanzi, communicated through geometric symbols that represent words on a keyboard, he correctly communicated 72% of the time (met the language criteria)

Wynne

raised questions whether Kanzi understood what he was communicating

Steven Pinker

argues that humans special talent for language is a species-specific trait that is the product of natural selection

Dunbar

argues that language evolved as a device to build and maintain social coalitions in increasingly larger groups

Chomsky

Nativist theorist who argued against behavioral theories.

Benjamin Lee Whorf

devised linguistic relativity

Jim Greeno

proposed problems can be categorized into three basic classes

Barry Schwartz

argued people in modern societies are overwhelmed by an overabundance of such choices about preferences

Leda Cosmides and John Tooby

believe participants perform poorly in cognitive research cause it confronts them with artificial problems

Gerd Gigerenzer

believes humans reasoning largely depends on fast and frugal heuristics

Daniel Kahneman

refers to the two systems of thought as System 1 (thinking fast) and System 2 (thinking slow)

John B. Watson and Rosalie Ravner

did a study of generalization with “Little Albert” (not scared of a rat, gong and rat pairings, now afraid of any white furry things)

Douglas Merritte

thought to be “little Albert”, son of a nurse, died at 6 (Beck)

Albert Barger

thought to be “little Albert”, lived healthily until 85 (Russell Powell and Nancy Digdon)

Martin Seligman

sauce bearnaise syndrome (which didn’t follow classical conditioning rules - delay between CS and UCS, just the sauce not the wife or restaurant)

John Garcia

conducted studies on conditioned taste aversion (rats only developed taste aversions with nausea, not shock)

Edward L. Thorndike

named operant conditioning ‘instrumental learning’ before Skinner, devised the law of effect

Giacomo Roizzolatti

discovered mirror neurons by accident

Endel Tulving

labelled two kinds of memory, semantic and episodic

Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart

levels of processing theory → deeper levels of processing results in longer lasting memory codes

Allan Paivio

claims it is easier to form images of concrete objects than abstract (did a study)

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin

subdivide memory into three sperate memory stores (sensory, short and long)

George Miller

stated people could recall only 7 items when remembering unfamiliar material

Nelson Cowan

thought the capacity of STM might be 4 ± 1

William Chase and Simon

believed those with expertise in an area process information differently and chunk better than nonexperts

Wilder Penfield

triggered long-lost memories through ESB during brain surgeries

Collins and Loftus

semantic networks and spreading activation

David Schacter

believes forgetting is adaptive (need to forget to remember new stuff and to reduce confusion)

Daniel Schacter

created the seven sins of memory (sins of omission and commission)

James McCornell

chemically transferred a specific memory from one flatworm to another (transferred condition reflex (RNA) to another worm as well)

Kandel

showed that reflex learning in the sea slug produces change in the strength of specific stnaptic connections by enhancing the availability and release of neurotransmitters

Richard F. Thompson

showed that specific memories may depend on localized neural circuits in the brain (studied rabbits and their cerebellum)

Endel Tulving

divided declarative into episodic and semantic memory

Thomas Edison

American inventor who developed trivia intelligence test

Ludwig Wittgenstein

famous synesthete (vowel e was experienced as yellow)

Gustav Fechner

important contributor to psychophysics, determined humans absolute threshold for light

James, Goodale, Humphrey

distinguish 2 functions that vision serves (vision for perception and vision for action)

Thomas Young (then Hermann Von Helmholtz)

Trichromatic Theory of color vision

Ewald Heming

devised opponent process theory of color

George Wald

the eye has three types of cones (each sensitive to a different band of wavelength) — then follow Tri-theory

Hubel and Wiesel

proved bottom-up processing with cells in visual cortex that operate as feature detectors

Max Wertheimer

phi phenomenon

Hudson (pictorial depth cues)

found people from South African tribe (Bantu) frequently misinterpreted the depth cues in the pictures

Roger Shepard

monster running size illusion

Adelbert Ames

designed Ames room → illusion using misperception of distance (uses the assumption that the room is rectangular)

Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits

found that Western cultures are more susceptible to Muller-Lyer illusion due to living in a ‘carpentered world’ (straight lines, right angles)

Harmann von Helmholtz

place theory

Rutherford

frequency theory

Linda Bartoshuk

created nontasters and supertasters

Melzark and Wall

culture does not affect process of pain, but more so willingness to tolerate certain types of pain

Gray and Wegner

conducted a study demonstrating how pain increased when participants believed it was intentional

Joel Katz

as number of concerns about a surgery increases, so does the request for pain meds & investigated phantom limb pain (with Melzack)

Melzack

known for McGill Pain Questionnaire, a tool for research on pain (neuromatrix theory of pain)

M.C. Escher

modern Dutch lithograph artist who followed the work of Gestalt psychologists.

Otto Loewi

identified the first neurotransmitter & claims there is an unknown number of neurotransmitters

Donald Hebb

main focus was the linking of neurons to form networks & Hebbian learning rule → specified how cell assemblies might be created and work

Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga

studied split-brain patients

Walter Cannon

first psychologist to study the reaction, and call it the flight-or-fight response

Sir Francis Galton

first modern psychological tests were invented by this British scholar & studied family trees and decided intelligence is genetic & coined the phrase nature versus nurture & invented concepts of correlation and percentile test scores

Alfred Binet

education commission in France asked him to devise a test to identify mentally subnormal children

Lewis Terman

expanded on Binet’s test, published Standford-Binet Intelligence scale

William Stern

created the intelligence quotient (IQ)

David Wechsler

published the first high-quality IQ test designed specifically for adults in 1939

Charles Spearman

invented factor analysis & launched the debate about the structure of intelligence (concluded all cognitive abilities share an important factor: g)

L.L. Thurstone

developed Scholastic Aptitude Test, argued Spearman placed too much emphasis on g & carved intelligence into 7 independent factors (mental abilities)

J.P. Guilford

divided intelligence into 150 separate abilities (no g!) characterized by operations, contents, products

John Carroll

devised hierarchical model of intelligence (Stratum I (g) and II (8 broad abilities) and III (specific abilities))

Robert Sternburg

cognitive processes in intelligent behavior, he asserts there are 3 aspects of intelligence (analytical, creative and practical)

Howard Gardner

believes focus on IQ tests is too narrow and emphasizes verbal and math only. He concluded humans exhibit 8 intelligences (in logical & bodily)

Peter Salovey and John Mayer

developed the concept emotional intelligence

Salovey, Mayer, and Caruso

devised Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)

James Parker

developed youth version emotional intelligence measure

Robert Sternburg

3 basic components of intelligence (verbal, practical, social)

Keith Stanovich

argues while tests focus on cognitive abilities, they do not predict rational thinking/effective decision making

John Berry

claims Western IQ tests do not translate to language/cognitive of many non-Western cultures

Lewis Terman

began a major longitudinal study of gifted children in 1921

Joesph Renzulli

says rare form of giftedness depends on intersection of high intelligence, high creativity, and high motivation

Sandra Scarr

made model (reaction range) that posits heredity sets limits on intelligence and environment determines where you fall in that limit

Arthur Jensen

argued heritability of intelligence is 80%, highly controversial with cultural difference in intelligence ideas

Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray

created controversy with book, The Bell Curve (said disadvantageous groups can’t avoid fate cause it is genetic destiny)

Leon Kamin

created the soil analogy that shows IQ could still be caused entirely by environmental factors

Maddox and Galinsky

living abroad enhances creativity

William James

includes components of adaptiveness

Kahneman and Tversky

people are much more likely to take risks when the ALTERNATIVE outcome is stated in terms of LOSSES

Rescorla

the single best way to ensure a strong CR is to arrange that the CS is the most predictive signal for the UCS

Theodore Dobzhansky

modified Darwin's theory of evolution and integrated ideas from modern genetics