Should we stop eating meat? Dust and the American West (9/6)

marginal land: đất kém hiệu quả

land that is found on the edge of cultivated areas and is often difficult to grow crops on

farming land that is of poor quality and does not produce much profit:

subsist (v) + on = survive = exist

to obtain enough food or money to stay alive: sống dựa vào

e.g: The prisoners were subsisting on a diet of bread and water.

by-product : sản phẩm phụ

something that is produced as a result of making something else, or something unexpected that happens as a result of something: kết quả tất yếu đi kèm, thường có giá trị thấp hơn nhiều so với sản phẩm chính và không phải là mục tiêu sản xuất.

e.g: Buttermilk is a by-product of making butter.

ardent (adj) = eager

showing strong feelings: hăng hái

e.g: an ardent supporter of Manchester United

calve (v)

When a cow calves, it gives birth to a calf (= a young cow): bò đẻ con

Four cows calved overnight.

welfare (n)

• Phúc lợi xã hội (Social Welfare)/ Trợ cấp phúc lợi (Welfare benefits)

e.g: Your taxes pay for welfare benefits such as unemployment and sicknesspay.

help given, especially by the state or an organization, to people who need it, especially because they do not have enough money:

physical and mental health and happiness, especially of a person:

e.g: These organizations have fought very hard for the rights and welfare of immigrants.

barren (adj) = fertile

• unable to produce plants or fruit: vùng đất khô cằn, đất xấu không thể mọc cây cối hoặc không có khả năng sinh trưởng

e.g: We drove through a barren, rocky landscape/ land.

• unable to have children or young animals

dusty

covered in dust: bụi bặm

downwind (adj, adv) >< upwind

in the direction in which the wind blows; with the wind behind: theo chiều gió

Geochemist

nhà địa hoá học

Atmospheric dust

bụi khí quyển

millennium/ millennia (plural) /mɪˈlen.i.əm/

thiên niên kỉ

deposition

• a formal written statement made or used in a law court:

e.g: file a deposition Before the court case, we had to file a deposition.

give a deposition She gave her deposition as part of an earlier lawsuit.

take a deposition Our lawyer took a deposition from us.

sworn deposition In a sworn deposition, she told lawyers that she had never seen the man before.

• the forming of a layer of a substance such as soil or rock, or the layer that is formed: sự lắng đọng/ kết tủa

antelope /ˈæn.tɪ.ləʊp/

linh dương

Grazer

động vật ăn cỏ

herd (N)

đàn

strip the grass

lột sạch cỏ

puncture (n,v)

• small hole made by a sharp object, especially in a tyre:

My bike has had two punctures in the last three weeks.

• to make a small hole in something, or to get a small hole in something:

pasture (n)

vùng đất đồng cỏ rộng lớn, có thảm thực vật tự nhiên dành cho các loại gia súc (như bò, cừu, dê, ngựa) chăn thả và gặm cỏ

ranch (n)

a very large farm on which animals are kept, especially in North and South America:

trang trại

acre /ˈeɪ.kər/ (n)

a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,047 square metres or 4,840 square yards:

1 acre ≈ 4.047 m².

Carcass (n) /ˈkɑː.kəs/

the body of a dead animal, especially a large one that is soon to be cut up as meator eaten by wild animals:

e.g: Vultures flew around in the sky waiting to pick at the rotting carcass of the deer.

Scatter (v)

to (cause to) move far apart in different directions: rải rác

parched = very dry

(especially of earth or crops) dried out because of too much heat and not enough rain:

barbed /bɑːbd/

having a sharp point that curves backwards

barbed wire

dây thép gai

Glacier

sông băng