WWI, Russian Revolution, WWII, and Cold War History
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136 Terms
What does MAIN stand for?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
What is militarism?
The belief that a country needs a strong military.
Which countries were involved in a naval arms race before WWI?
Britain and Germany.
What is an alliance?
An agreement that countries will support each other if attacked.
Who was in the Triple Alliance before WWI?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.
Who was in the Triple Entente before WWI?
Britain, France, Russia.
Who were the Central Powers during WWI?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.
Who were the Allies during WWI?
Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, and later the United States.
What is imperialism?
Competition for colonies and overseas territories.
Why was Germany frustrated by imperialism?
It had fewer colonies than other European powers.
What is nationalism?
Strong pride and loyalty to one's nation.
What event sparked WWI?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Who assassinated Franz Ferdinand?
Gavrilo Princip.
Where did the assassination occur?
The Balkans (Southeast Europe).
What happened after the assassination?
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.
What is trench warfare?
Fighting from long trenches dug into the ground.
What was No Man's Land?
The area between opposing trenches.
What is a stalemate?
A deadlock where neither side can win.
Who first used tanks?
Britain.
Why were tanks created?
To cross No Man's Land.
What were U-boats?
German submarines.
What is unrestricted submarine warfare?
Attacking military and civilian ships without warning.
Which country first used chemical weapons?
Germany.
What is total war?
When civilians and soldiers all contribute to the war effort.
What is conscription?
The draft; required military service.
What is propaganda?
Information used to influence public opinion.
How did governments finance WWI?
Higher taxes and rationing.
How did women contribute during WWI?
Factory work, farming, nursing, and producing supplies.
Why America initially stay neutral?
It viewed WWI as a European conflict.
What was the Lusitania?
A British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915.
How many Americans died on the Lusitania?
128.
What was the Zimmermann Telegram?
Germany's proposal that Mexico attack the U.S. in exchange for territory.
When did the U.S. enter WWI?
1917.
Why did Russia leave WWI?
The Russian Revolution and internal problems.
When did WWI end?
November 11, 1918.
What is an armistice?
An agreement to stop fighting.
Who won WWI?
The Allies.
What was Article 231?
The War Guilt Clause.
Which country was blamed for WWI?
Germany.
What are reparations?
Payments for war damages.
What happened to Germany's military?
It was greatly reduced.
What was the League of Nations?
An organization created to maintain peace.
Did the U.S. join the League of Nations?
No.
What happened to Austria-Hungary?
It broke apart.
What happened to the Ottoman Empire?
It was divided up.
Why were Germany, Italy, and Japan resentful?
They felt cheated by the Treaty of Versailles.
What was the Balfour Declaration?
Britain's support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
Who was Czar Nicholas II?
Russia's absolute ruler from 1894-1917.
What dynasty did Nicholas II belong to?
The Romanovs.
What was Bloody Sunday?
Soldiers killed peaceful protesters in 1905.
What document resulted from the 1905 Revolution?
The October Manifesto.
What were the three major causes of the Russian Revolution?
Harsh rule, industrialization problems, WWI.
What does abdicate mean?
To step down from power.
What happened during the February Revolution?
Nicholas II abdicated.
What government replaced the Czar?
The Provisional Government.
Why did the Provisional Government lose support?
It stayed in WWI and failed to solve food shortages.
Who led the Bolsheviks?
Vladimir Lenin.
What did the Bolsheviks want?
A communist government.
What slogan made Lenin popular?
"Peace, Land, and Bread."
Who inspired communist ideas?
Karl Marx.
What were the Reds?
Bolshevik supporters.
What were the Whites?
Opponents of the Bolsheviks.
Who won the Russian Civil War?
The Reds.
What was the NEP?
New Economic Policy allowing limited capitalism.
What country did Lenin create?
The Soviet Union (USSR).
What was the first communist nation?
The USSR.
Who became leader after Lenin?
Joseph Stalin.
What is totalitarianism?
Government control over all aspects of life.
What was Stalin's secret police called?
NKVD.
What is a cult of personality?
Media-created glorification of a leader.
What was the Great Purge?
Stalin's campaign against perceived enemies.
When did it occur?
1936-1938.
What were Gulags?
Soviet labor camps.
How many people died during the purge?
Over 1 million.
What is a command economy?
Government controls all economic decisions.
What was the purpose of the Five-Year Plans?
Rapid industrialization.
What is collectivization?
Government control of farms.
Why did peasants resist collectivization?
They lost ownership of land.
What was the Holodomor?
Stalin's man-made famine in Ukraine.
When did it occur?
1932-1933.
How many died?
Approximately 3-12 million.
Why is the Holodomor considered genocide?
Ukrainians were deliberately targeted and starved.
What were the major causes of WWII?
Treaty of Versailles, rise of dictators, appeasement, failure of League of Nations.
What is appeasement?
Giving in to aggressors to avoid conflict.
What event started WWII?
Germany's invasion of Poland in 1939.
What was Blitzkrieg?
"Lightning War" using fast attacks with planes and tanks.
What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
Agreement between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other.
What countries made up the Axis Powers?
Germany, Italy, Japan.
What countries made up the Allies?
Britain, USSR, United States.
What was the Battle of Britain?
Air battle where Britain defeated Germany.
Why did Hitler invade the USSR?
To gain land and destroy communism.
What was D-Day?
Allied invasion of Normandy, France (1944).
What was V-E Day?
Victory in Europe Day (May 8, 1945).
When was Pearl Harbor attacked?
December 7, 1941.
Who attacked Pearl Harbor?
Japan.
Why is it called the "Day of Infamy"?
It led the U.S. into WWII.
What was the Holocaust?
Nazi genocide of Jews and other groups.
How many Jews were murdered?
About 6 million.
What was Auschwitz?
The largest Nazi concentration/death camp.
What was Hitler's "Final Solution"?
Plan to exterminate European Jews.