Psychology recent .

Developmental Psychology

Study of how people grow and change physically, mentally, and socially.

Three Areas of Development

Physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.

Normative Approach

Looks at average ages people reach milestones.

Continuous Development

Development happens gradually over time.

Piaget

Psychologist who studied children’s thinking.

Assimilation

Adding new information into what you already know.

Accommodation

Changing what you know to fit new information.

Preoperational Stage

Ages 2-7 marked by egocentrism and pretend play.

Egocentrism

Thinking everyone sees the world like you do.

Teratogen

Harmful substance that can hurt a fetus.

Rooting Reflex

Baby turns toward something touching the cheek.

Secure Attachment

Child trusts caregiver and feels safe exploring.

Authoritative Parenting

Warm parenting with rules, usually most effective.

Erikson's Adolescence Stage

Identity vs role confusion means figuring out who you are.

Frontal Lobe Development

Still developing in teens which can lead to risk-taking.

Freud vs Erikson

Freud focused on childhood, Erikson focused on whole lifespan.

Motivation

What pushes people toward goals.

Intrinsic Motivation

Doing something because you enjoy it.

Extrinsic Motivation

Doing something for rewards.

Overjustification Effect

Rewards can make something less fun.

Drive Theory

Behavior helps satisfy needs and keep balance.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Moderate stress usually helps performance most.

Self-Efficacy

Belief you can succeed.

Maslow’s Hierarchy

Needs move from survival to self-actualization.

Belonging Needs

Need for love and connection.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Body arousal and emotion happen at the same time.

Schachter-Singer Theory

Emotion depends on arousal plus how you label it.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions can affect how you feel.

Mood vs Emotion

Mood lasts longer, emotion is stronger and shorter.

Personality

Patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.

Id

Wants immediate pleasure.

Ego

Makes realistic decisions.

Superego

Inner moral voice.

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious ways people reduce anxiety.

Collective Unconscious

Shared human ideas and symbols.

Reciprocal Determinism

Person's behavior and environment affect each other.

Internal Locus of Control

Belief your actions affect outcomes.

External Locus of Control

Belief outside forces control outcomes.

Big Five OCEAN

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Projective Tests

Personality tests using ambiguous pictures or inkblots.

Trait vs Humanistic

Traits focus on characteristics, humanistic focuses on growth.

Social Psychology

How people are influenced by others.

Situationism

Situations strongly shape behavior.

Self-Serving Bias

Taking credit for success but blaming outside factors for failure.

Cognitive Dissonance

Discomfort from acting against your beliefs.

Central Route Persuasion

Persuasion through facts and logic.

Conformity

Going along with a group.

Normative Social Influence

Conforming to fit in.

Milgram and Obedience

People may obey authority even when uncomfortable.

Social Loafing

Working less hard in a group.

Bystander Effect

People may help less when others are around.

Diffusion of Responsibility

Assuming someone else will help.

Prejudice vs Stereotype vs Discrimination

Attitude, belief, and action against a group.

Social Facilitation

Doing easy tasks better when others watch.

Preoperational stage

4-year-old with pretend play and egocentrism.

Secure attachment

Toddler upset when caregiver leaves but soothed on return.

Overjustification effect

Paid rewards reduce enjoyment.

Schachter-Singer theory

Heart racing labeled fear or excitement.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Moderate stress helps hard tasks.

Id overpowering ego and superego

Impulsive shopping despite guilt.

Conformity

Changing answer because group disagrees.

Cognitive dissonance

Smoking despite knowing risks.

Bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility

Crowd delays helping.

Piaget stages order

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational.

Maslow order

Survival, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization.

OCEAN stands for

Big Five personality traits.

Milgram studied

Obedience.

Asch studied

Conformity.

Bystander effect caused by

Diffusion of responsibility.