Pathophysiology (Neurology)

Cerebral Vascular Accident

what is it called when there is brain cell ischemia and necrosis d/t decreased bloow flow and O2

Ischemic, Hemorrhagic

what are the two major types of CVA's

thormbosis, embolism

what are the two things that ischemic strokes are d/t

rupture of cerebral artery

what is the main thing that that hemorrhagic strokes are d/t

Paralysis, Aphasia, Dysarthria, Visual disturbances

what are the four S&S's of a CVA

CAD, HTN, DM, Age, drug use

what are the five risk factors of a CVA

Transient Iscemic attack

what is a temporary episode that clears within 24 hours that is an impending stroke warning sign

ASA, anticoagulants

what are the two things that may decrease the risk of a thrombosis

Meningitis

what is the inflammation of the meninges of the brain & spinal cord

Bacteria, Virus, Aseptic

what are the three types of Meningitis

Fever, nuchal rigidity, mental status change

what does the classic triad of meningitis compose of?

Kernig's

which sign of meningitis is tested by moving the legs

Brudzinski's

which sign of meningitis is tested by moving the head/neck

Lumbar puncture

what is the main that HCP's test for meningitis

WBC, Protein, ICP

what are the three things that are increased for a patient with bacterial meningitis

glucose

what is the main thing that is decreased for a patient with bacterial meningitis

IV antibiotics

what is the treatment that should be given to a patient with bacterial meningitis

Deafness, hydrocephalus, neuro damage, death

what are the four complications of meningitis

Myasthenia Gravis

what is the disorder where there are antibodies that block the NMJ acetylcholine receptors leading to the nerve impulse not passing to the muscles

Exercise/repeated movements

what is myasthenia gravis exacerbated by?

Facial problems, extreme muscle weakness, diaphragmatic weakness, hypoventilation

what are the four S&S's of myasthenia gravis

Tensilon Test

what is test that done where there is an injection of an anticholinesterase drug and is positive for myasthenia gravis if there is temporary improvement 30-60 seconds after injected

Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody test

what is the diagnosis test that is done for myasthenia gravis

Anti-anticholinesterase drugs, plasmpheresis

what is the treatment for myasthenia gravis

Upper motor neuron problem

what kind of problem is multiple sclerosis

Clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive

what are the four types of multiple sclerosis

MRI, Lumbar Puncture

How is multiple sclerosis diagnosed?

Immunosuppression

what is the treatment for multiple sclerosis

impaired speech, vertigo, muscle weakness, ataxia, parasthesia, bladder dysfunction

what are the six S&S's of multiple sclerosis

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

what is the inflammation and destruction of the myelin covering of peripheral nerve axons

troubling moving toes

what is the most common sign of Guillan-Barre syndrome

IV antibodies, plasmapheresis

what is the treatment for Guillan-Barre Syndrome

Parkinson's Disease

what is the degenerative disorder of the basal ganglia

dopamine

Parkinson's disease results in decreases levels of what in the body?

bradykinesia, rigidity, tremors, mask-like face, pill rolling

what are the five S&S's of Parkinson's disease

Sinemet, PT

what are the two treatment of Parkinson's disease

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

what is the degeneration of upper & lower neurons of the spinal cord, medulla, & cerebral cortex

men

ALS is more common in what gender?

muscle weakness, dysphagia, dysarthria, paralysis, respiratory failure

what are the five S&S's of ALS

brain damage

posturing indicates what disorder?

decorticate

which type of posturing is d/t an injury above the brain stem?

jaw clenched, neck extended, arms stiffly extended/adducted, pronated forearms, flexed wrists and fingers, legs extended toes pointed

what are the six S&S's of decerebrate posturing?

arms flex, fists clenched, legs extended and internally rotated, toes pointed

what are four S&S's of decorticate posturing

Seizure

what is a hyper-excitability of neurons in the cerebral cortex

Auras, perceptions

what are the two S&S's of seizures

brain tumors, infections, stroke, high fever, trauma, H2O intoxication, ETOH withdrawal or abuse, epilepsy

what are the 8 causes of seizures?

specific area in one hemisphere

where do partial seizures begin?

Simple

what is the type of seizure where there is no loss of consciousness and the S&S's depend on the area of the brain involved

Complex

what is the type of seizure where there is impaired consciousness, automatisms, post-ictal state

temporal lobe

where do complex seizure smost often arise from?

both hemispheres simultaneously

where do generalized seizures begin?

Tonic-clonic

what is the most common type of generalized seizures where the muscles are tight and held and then become spastic

Absence

what is the type of seizure where the patient is just staring into space

Atonic

what is the type of seizure where there is a lack of muscle tone?

Myoclonic

what is the type of seizure where there are short jerky movements in a localized area