Human Anatomy Exam 2

CU Boulder IPHY 3410 Human Anatomy, Leif Saul - Exam 1 Spring 2026

articulations, points where bones meet and connect

joint

freely movable joints

diarthrotic

slightly movable joints

amphiarthrotic

immovable joints

synarthrotic

degree of mobility of shoulder, knee, and wrist joints

diarthrotic

degree of mobility of intervertebral disks

amphiarthrotic

degree of mobility of tooth in socket

synarthrotic

two bones fused into one by bony tissue

synostosis

allows for forensic investigators to determine age of body from just skeleton

chronology of bone fusion

synostosis ___ considered a joint

is not

coxal bone fusing from ilium, ischium, and pubis by adulthood is an exampe of ___

synostosis

skull bones fused together by middle age is an example of ___

synostosis

premature fusing of skull bones, causing abnormal head shape

craniosynostosis

before synostosis, the junction of the two unfused bones ___ considered a joint

is

three major classes of joints

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

joint made of dense regular connective tissue (often a ligament)

fibrous

mobility of fibrous joints

varies

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint between most skull bones

suture

type of fibrous joint where the length of fibers varies and determines mobility

syndesmosis

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that makes up the distal tibiofibular joint

syndesmosis

type of diarthrotic fibrous joint that makes up the interosseous membrane connecting the radius and ulna

syndesmosis

type of synarthrotic fibrous joint that is between the tooth and socket

gomphosis

if a ligament is torn beyond repair, what would be most suitable as a graft

tendon

condition where the maxillae are not joined at the upper lip, and what kind of joint is defective

cleft palate/harelip, fibrous suture

injury where the distal tibiofibular joint is sprained, and what kind of joint is injured

syndesmosis ankle sprain, fibrous syndesmosis

joint involving bones joined by cartilage

cartilaginous

type of cartilaginous joint that involves hyaline cartilage

synchondrosis

type of cartilaginous joint that involves mainly fibrocartilage

symphysis

type of cartilaginous joint that is the epiphyseal plate and its mobility

synchondrosis, synarthrotic

type of cartilaginous joint that is the 1st sternocostal joint and its mobility

synchondrosis, synarthrotic

type of cartilaginous joint that is the intervertebral disk joint and its mobility

symphysis, amphiarthrotic

symphysis joints may contain ___ cartilage

hyaline

type of cartilaginous joint that is the pubic symphysis joint and its mobility

symphysis, amphiarthrotic

joint involving bones separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

synovial

all synovial joints have this type of mobility

diarthrotic

knee, shoulder, knuckle, and wrist are all examples of ___ joints

synovial

most sternocostal joints are ___

synovial

joint between the ear bones

synovial

contained in the joint cavity of synovial joints

synovial fluid

synovial fluid is ___

blood filtrate

function of synovial fluid

lubrication

in a healthy knee, the articular cartilage receives nourishment from

blood filtrate/synovial fluid

in a healthy knee, the articular cartilage benefits from

intermitten weight bearing

intermitten weight bearing allows for circulation of ___ in the ___

synovial fluid, articular cartilage

inner layer of the articular capsule

synovial membrane

produced by synovial membrane

synovial fluid

type of tissue in the fibrous capsule

dense irregular connective tissue proper

outer layer of the articular capsule

fibrous capsule

articular cartilage is this type of connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

articular cartilage protects bones by absorbing ___ forces

compression

connect bone to bone

ligaments

all synovial joints have ___

reinforcing ligaments

reinforcing ligaments are made of this type of tissue

dense regular connective tissue proper

three kinds of reinforcing ligaments

capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular

type of reinforcing ligament that makes up the thickened part of the capsule

capsular

type of reinforcing ligament that is outside the capsule

extracapsular

type of reinforcing ligament that the fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee are

extracapsular

type of reinforcing ligament that is inside the capsule

intracapsular

type of reinforcing ligament that the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are

intracapsular

the meniscus is also known as the ___

articular disc

the articular disc evens out ___

distribution of compression forces

helps stabilize some synovial joints, like the knee

articular disc

type of tissue that makes up the articular disc

fibrocartilage

fibrocartilage makes up the articular disc because it has a lot of ___ to resist ___

collagen, tension forces

location where the articular disc allows for additional movements

temporomandibular joint

the mandible slides ___ when the jaw is opened due to the ___

anteriorly, articular disc

all synovial joints have ___ but not all have ___

bursae, tendon sheaths

closed sacs of synovial fluid

bursae

function of bursae

prevent friction among structures

inflammation of bursa

bursitis

a bursa that wraps around a tendon

tendon sheath

the body region that includes the head, neck, and trunk

axial

the body region that includes the limbs

appendicular

an infinite line that has a specific orientation

axis

when movement around an axis corresponds to movement within a plane, the axis is ___ to the plane

perpendicular

movement in a straight line

translational/linear

movement around an axis involving a changing angle between two bones

angular

movement around an axis involving a bone moving around its own longitudinal axis

rotational

the translational movement that involves moving superiorly

elevation

the translational movement that involves moving inferiorly

depression

the translational movement that involves moving anteriorly

protraction

the translational movement that involves moving posteriorly

retraction

types of angular movement related to the midline

abduction and adduction

movement away from the midline

abduction

movement toward the midline

adduction

types of angular movement unrelated to the midline

flexion and extension

movement causing a decrease in the joint angle

flexion

movement causing an increase in the joint angle

extension

special movements of the feet on the sagittal plane

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

turning the foot upward

dorsiflexion

turning the foot downward

plantar flexion

special movements of the feet on the frontal plane

inversion and eversion

turning the sole of the foot medially

inversion

turning the sole of the foot laterally

eversion

types of rotation in the axial region

left and right

types of rotation in the appendicular region

medial and lateral

special movements of the forearm

pronation and supination

turning palms anterior (as in anatomical position)

supination

turning palms posterior

pronation

synovial joints classified by shape

plane/gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket