Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

Intro to Psychology

A disturbance in thinking, feelings/emotions, and actions.

Mental Disorder

Behavior that is labeled as deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional by psychiatrists and psychologists.

Disordered Behavior

An ancient treatment involving boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces.

Trephination

A French figure ($1745-1826$) who insisted that madness was not demonic possession but an ailment of the mind.

Philippe Pinel

The cause and development of a psychological disorder.

Etiology

The process of identifying symptoms and distinguishing one disease from another.

Diagnosis

Treating a psychological disorder within a psychiatric hospital.

Treatment

A forecast about a psychological disorder.

Prognosis

The standard reference manual used to diagnose mental disorders by providing objective criteria and categories.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

The DSM-5 lists:

§ the symptoms of each disorder

§ the typical age of onset

§ predisposing factors

§ course of the disorder

§ prevalence of the disorder

§ sex ratio of those affected

§ cultural issues that might affect diagnosis

A disorder occurring when signs of depression, such as irritable mood or loss of interest, last $2$ weeks or more.

Major Depressive Disorder

Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder include:

§ Very depressed (often irritable) mood

§ Loss of interest in pleasurable activities

§ Change in appetite

§ Change in weight

§ Sleep disturbances

§ Loss of energy

§ Difficulty concentrating

A condition involving a depressed mood most of the day, more days than not, for at least $2$ years.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A model explaining depression as the result of individual vulnerability (genetic or cognitive) combined with stressful triggering events.

Vulnerability-Stress Model

A disorder characterized by an alternation between depression and mania; formerly called manic-depressive disorder.

Bipolar Disorder

The depressive symptoms of Bipolar Disorder include:

Gloomy

Withdrawn

Inability to make decisions

Tired

Slowness of thought

The manic symptoms of Bipolar Disorder include:

Elation

Euphoria

Desire for action

Hyperactive

Multiple ideas

Conditions marked by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Anxiety Disorders

An anxiety disorder marked by a fear of a specific object or situation that is disproportionate to the threat

Specific Phobia

You are so afraid of snakes that if you see even a picture of a snake, your heart begins to pound and you feel the need to run away. This is an example of:

Specific Phobia

A common anxiety disorder marked by the fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting or performance situation, often beginning around age 13

Social Anxiety Disorder

You worry intensely that you will say or do the wrong thing around other people and they will think badly of you. So you prefer to be by yourself and avoid being around lots of people. This is an example of:

Social Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by nearly constant anxiety not associated with a specific thing

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder include:

§ Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension

§ Anxiety is considered free-floating

§ Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings

§ Autonomic arousal

§ Fatigue

§ Irritability

§ Sleep disruptions

§ Restlessness

§ Lightheadedness

§ Muscle pain.

You feel very worried and have been for months, but you can't figure out why. It seems as though you are anxious about everything. This is an example of:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

Panic Disorder

Symptoms of Panic Disorder include:

§ Minute-long episodes of intense dread

§ Feelings of terror

§ Chest pains

§ Choking sensations

§ Heart palpitations

§ Fear of losing control or dying

You have had several panic attacks and worry you will have another one. This worry brings on more panic attacks, where you feel extreme fear and your heart pounds in your chest. This is an example of:

Panic Disorder

The fear of being in a situation from which one cannot escape.

Agoraphobia

You work for a company located in a skyscraper, but you are so terrified of not being able to get out of the building that you have panic attacks at work. This is an example of:

Agoraphobia

The specific phobia of blood.

Hemophobia

The specific phobia of closed spaces.

Claustrophobia

The specific phobia of heights.

Acrophobia

A disorder involving frequent intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive actions (compulsions) that temporarily reduce anxiety.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A disorder characterized by recurring unwanted thoughts, nightmares, flashbacks, and hypervigilance related to a past trauma.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Formerly called multiple personality disorder, this is a condition in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A psychotic disorder translated as split mind, marked by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms including a split from reality.

Schizophrenia

A mental condition involving distorted perceptions of reality, irrational behavior, and an inability to function in life.

Psychosis

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, which frequently accompany psychotic disorders.

Delusions

Sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

Hallucinations

The inability to experience pleasure

Anhedonia

A negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by expressionless faces, toneless voices, and an absence of emotional response.

Flat Affect

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving a loss of interest in normal goals and being drained of energy.

Apathy (avolition)