SOCI 327 - UOFC

What is the claimed effectiveness percentage of the Reid Technique for obtaining confessions?

85% effective in getting confessions.

What is a major criticism of the Reid Technique?

It may lead to false confessions regardless of actual guilt.

What book did Reid co-author in 1965?

"Criminal Interrogation and Confessions" by Reid and Imbop.

What is the first step of the Reid Technique?

Direct Positive Confrontation: Tell the suspect they are involved in the crime.

How do police use deception in interrogations?

They may fabricate evidence like video or phone records to bluff suspects.

What is the purpose of developing a theme or story during interrogation?

To justify or excuse the crime and reduce the suspect's culpability.

What tactics are used to stop denials during interrogation?

Police speak over the suspect, interrupt constantly, and prevent requests for a lawyer.

What are signs of guilt or fatigue that police look for during interrogations?

Crying, inability to make eye contact, folding arms, and getting tired.

What is the 'Good Cop/Bad Cop' technique?

One officer offers a nice explanation while another emphasizes guilt.

What is the final step in the Reid Technique?

Securing a written statement from the suspect.

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding police deception?

It is acceptable for police to use deception during interrogations.

What are the ethical concerns surrounding police deception?

Using lies to extract 'truth' can undermine the legitimacy of the justice system.

What psychological effect can prolonged interrogation have on suspects?

It can lead to false confessions and make suspects doubt their own memories.

What systemic issue is highlighted regarding Crown Prosecutor independence?

The lack of independent Crown prosecutors from police is a breakdown in the system.

What was the Frankpledge System?

An early English law enforcement system involving groups of families (tithings).

Who created a professional law enforcement organization in 1748?

Henry Fielding.

What did Sir Robert Peel establish in 1829?

The London Metropolitan Police Act, creating a professional police force.

What were the expectations of the 'Bobbies' in modern policing?

Reduce tension, use non-violence, relieve military, and be judged by the absence of crime.

What is one example of a case highlighting the impact of interrogation techniques?

Brian Cox was interrogated for 8 hours without food/water, leading to a coerced confession.

What was the outcome for Monty Robinson compared to Daniel Tschetter?

Robinson served no jail time, while Tschetter received 8 years for causing death.

What event led to a postponement of a victim's funeral in Tumbler Ridge?

Death threats against the family of the victim.

What were the three articles discussed regarding the Tumbler Ridge shooting?

One spoke on the victim, another on an AI ban due to violent searches, and the last on police findings for the victim's family.

What was notable about the attention received by the Tumbler Ridge shooting?

It gained worldwide attention, which is unusual for such incidents.

What policing system was absent in London until the mid-1700s?

A professional policing system.

Who created the first professional law enforcement organization in London?

Henry Fielding in 1748.

What act did Sir Robert Peel pass in 1829?

The London Metropolitan Police Act, establishing a 3,200 person professional police force.

What were the expectations of Bobbies in the early police force?

To reduce tension, use non-violent means, relieve the military from crime control, and be judged by the absence of crime.

What are the four eras of policing in Canada according to Ruddell?

Pre-modern era, Political era, Professional era, and Community era.

What characterized the Pre-modern era of policing in Canada?

First Nation peoples used shaming, ostracism, and compensation, along with physical punishment and execution.

What was a significant policing development in the Political era (1820 - 1940)?

Local politicians established police services, leading to corruption and unchecked interference.

What was the Peel model and when was it implemented?

It was a model for policing that emphasized professionalism, implemented after the Political era.

What was the focus of the Professional era (1940 - 1980) in policing?

Objectivity, science, and freedom from political influence.

What significant decision did the Supreme Court make regarding the RCMP in 2015?

It ruled that the RCMP could form unions due to being understaffed and underpaid.

What is the focus of the Community era (1980 - present) in policing?

Encouraging public involvement in crime regulation and problem-solving.

What is one goal of the Community era in relation to police power?

To decentralize power from the police and empower citizens in crime prevention.

What was the role of private policing in the Pre-modern era?

Private policing was used by entities like the Hudson Bay Company when government forces were deemed inadequate.

How did the establishment of the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) impact Canadian policing?

It became the RCMP in the 1920s, following a paramilitary structure.

What was a notable issue in the Political era regarding police accountability?

Corruption was prevalent, with politicians believing they were above the police force.

What are professional associations in policing?

Organizations that advocate for officers' rights but cannot strike, unlike unions.

What was the impact of the Supreme Court's ruling on the RCMP and universities?

Both were forced into unions due to the ruling on their rights to strike.

What should we be cautious about regarding authority figures in criminal justice?

We should not assume that people in authority are the most professional or reliable.

What were the early interests of municipal police forces?

Maintaining public order, preventing and controlling crime, and providing community services.

How can police gain respect from citizens?

By interacting with and knowing the community.

What communication methods did early police use?

Police runners, call boxes, telephones, patrol vehicles, and fingerprinting.

What significant change occurred in police-community relations?

Officers became separated from the community, emphasizing crime fighting.

What factors determined police operations after the separation from the community?

Crime rates, service calls, and response times.

What was the professional model of policing established in the 1930s?

It included hierarchical differentiation, functional differentiation, routinization, and centralization of command.

What was the police population in Canada in 2015?

68,777 police officers.

What percentage of police in Canada worked for municipal forces in 2015?

67% (42,668 officers).

What are the two ways to determine police presence?

Population-to-police officer ratio and comparing Criminal Code incidents to the number of police.

What was a significant technological development for police?

The use of cameras around cities to monitor areas.

What incident did Robert Dziekanski's case highlight?

The inappropriate use of a taser by RCMP officers.

What perspective emphasizes neutrality in policing?

The social contract perspective.

What does the radical perspective say about police?

It views police as a repressive instrument for the ruling class.

What is racial profiling?

When police use class probability instead of case probability in investigations.

What is the role of discretion in policing?

It allows officers to use their judgment in situations where rules cannot cover every scenario.

What factors influence an officer's decision to arrest?

Situation variables, community variables, and extralegal factors.

What are situation variables in the context of arrests?

Seriousness of the crime, strength of evidence, victim's preference, and suspect's demeanor.

What community variables affect police arrests?

Perceptions of danger, citizen attitudes towards police, and community legal culture.

What are extralegal factors in police arrests?

The race, class, and gender of the suspect.

What is the police subculture?

A shared bond among officers that includes both positive and negative aspects.

What are some positive aspects of the police subculture?

A sense of collectiveness, stress management, and informal teaching.

What are some negative aspects of the police subculture?

Resistance to change, support for rights violations, and misuse of authority.

What values are commonly held within the police subculture?

Beliefs that police are the only real crime fighters, loyalty to colleagues, and that rules need to be bent.

What was the conclusion of the book 'Thinking About Crime'?

It highlights the disparity between public perception and actual experiences with police.

What is the significance of the Braidwood Inquiry?

It concluded that the police were not justified in using a taser on Robert Dziekanski.

What is the impact of centralizing dispatchers in police services?

It can lead to inconsistent training and overuse or underuse of emergency responders.