A&P 2 Final Questions

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins. 

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

  more widespread and long-lasting effects. 

Growth hormone

stimulates gluconeogenesis. 

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly. 

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

  the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. 

The anterior pituitary is also called the adenohypophysis.

True 

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

  No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex 

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

  Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone 

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes 

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculatia

The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

True 

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be

both hormonal and humoral. 

Cortisol binds to_________ receptors and has the effect of_________ blood glucose levels.

intracellular, raising 

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract. 

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin 

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands. 

The function of each of the regulatory hormones of the hypothalamus is to trigger the release of a tropic hormone from the pituitary.

False

Insulin causes a(n)_________ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n)_________ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase, increase 

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

  cholesterol. 

Which is NOT characteristic of the endocrine system?

  Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level 

Typically, an adult's body contains_________ of blood.

  5 liters 

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

  The extrinsic pathway 

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte. 

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens

The viscosity of blood is_________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and_________ proportional to the amount of fluid.

  directly, indirectly 

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil. 

When blood oxygen is_________, erythropoietin is released, which_________ production of erythrocytes.

  low; stimulates 

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

True

The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other.

True

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B 

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

  tissue. 

Macrophages are the converted monocytes that phagocytize bacteria, cell fragments, dead cells, and debris.

True

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes 

In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

  flat bones of the axial skeleton. 

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

  hematopoiesis. 

Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma. 

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

  found on the surface of erythrocytes. 

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

  proplatelets. 

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

a: Neutrophils

b: Eosinophils

c: Lymphocytes

d: Monocytes

e: Basophils

f: Erythrocytes

  a, b, e 

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease. 

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Pulmonary veins

Sympathetic innervation of the heart
a: increases the heart rate
b: decreases the heart rate
c: increases the force of contractions
d: decreases the force of contractions
e: has no effect on contraction force

a, c

The receiving chambers of the heart are the atria, and the forcefully pumping chambers of the heart are the ventricles

True

SA nodal cells are autorhythmic.

True

Immediately prior to atrial contraction, blood continues to enter the atria from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.

True

Pectinate muscles are found on the

internal walls of the right and left atria

The pericardial cavity is between the

visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

The atria are separated from the ventricles externally by the

coronary sulcus.

What would you expect a cardiologist to recommend if there was substantial occlusion to a patient's left coronary artery but not the right coronary artery?

Because this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition

Which heart chambers contain deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle

The term "epicardium" is another name for the

visceral layer of the serosal pericardium

Blood flow to the heart wall courses through coronary vessels in a steady stream

False

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to

inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues.

The pulmonary trunk receives blood from the right ventricle and conducts it toward the lung. The pulmonary trunk is a(n)

artery

Which action leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

Contraction of the right ventricle

Though the autonomic innervation by autonomic centers in the brainstem cannot initiate a heartbeat, it can increase or decrease the heart rate.

True

The atrioventricular (AV) node is located in the

floor of the right atrium

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions?

Systemic circuit

Atrial contraction occurs just before

isovolumic contraction

The foramen ovale of the fetal heart is an opening in the

interatrial septum

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Which is the most common type of capillary?

Continuous

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.

False

The respiratory pump assists blood movement within the veins of the trunk, because as a person inspires,

intra-abdominal pressure increases and intrathoracic pressure decreases.

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.

True

What causes closure of the foramen ovale at birth?

Higher pressure in the left atrium, which causes interatrial septum flaps to close

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

Sinusoids are found in
a: bone marrow
b: spleen
c: small intestine
d: kidney
e: liver
f: muscle
g: skin

a, b, e

The umbilical cord contains_________ umbilical vein(s) and_________ umbilical artery(ies).

one; two

Renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Which path of arteries would a blood cell follow on its way from the thigh to the foot?

Femoral a., popliteal a., anterior tibial a., dorsalis pedis a.

The great saphenous vein is a deep vein and the popliteal vein is a superficial vein.

False

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have_________ effects on blood pressure.

opposite

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Among the advantages of the cerebral arterial circle is the presence of collateral channels of blood flow to the brain should a supply artery become blocked.

True

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed.

Increased cardiac output_________ the blood pressure.

increases

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled.

Because lymphatic vessels have three tunics (intima, media, and externa) and valves, they structurally resemble

veins.

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

Interstitial fluid

The lymphatic system's two main functions are to assist in

immunity and fluid balance.

Lymphatic capillaries

lack a basement membrane.

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Thymus gland

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

subclavian veins.

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

hydrostatic pressure

Which is not a function of the spleen?

Filters lymph

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal.

Within the red pulp of the spleen are enlarged capillaries called_________, which have a discontinuous basement membrane that allows blood cells to enter and exit easily.

splenic sinusoids

One of the functions of the spleen is phagocytosis of bacteria in the blood.

True

Being avascular, epithelia typically contain a dense network of lymphatic capillaries.

False

Which area does not contain MALT?

No exceptions; all choices contain MALT

Lymph nodes

filter lymph

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

Cervical lymph nodes

The thymus contains_________ lobes and is located_________.

2; in the mediastinum

Which is not drained by the right lymphatic duct?

Right side of abdomen

The thymus gland begins to atrophy immediately after birth.

False

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

tissue spaces between cells.