Evolution Final Study But Just The Harder Parts

What is the formula for phenotypic variation?

Var(P)=Var(G)+Var(E)

What is the formula for response to selection?

R= h2s

h2 stands for heritibility of trait

S stands for strength of selection

h2 cannot be 0

Name the four mechanisms of evolution

Natural selecttion

mutation

migration

genetic drift

‘Noriaki made mikitaka gay’

listen im just trying to have some fun here

Name the four factors that limit adaptation

Gene flow

sufficent time

trade offs constraints

‘Green seriously took cocaine’

name the reasons for neutral evolution

-some genes aren’t expressed as proteins

-changes in amino acids don’t always impact protein synthesis

-genes affected by canalized traits are neutral when not expressed

-what’s adaptive in one environment may not be adaptive in antoher

What are the four mechanisms of genetic drift?

Mandillian lottery,

random variation in family size,

founder effect,

and genetic bottlekneck effect

(Mikitaka really found god)

Whar are the two ways mutations can change the amoutn of dna or number of genes?

polyploidizatoin- complete doubling of chromosome set

duplication- copying of dna sequence without loss of the original set.

What are the reasons genetic variaiton is maintined when selection acts?

within populations:

heterozygote advantage

frequency dependent selection

equal fiteness among phenotypes

across populations:

local adaptation

(Hedorah frequently eats lettuce) (thats why he’s green here)

what does selection of a single trait depend on?

-strength of selection

-heritability

-genetic coorelation to other traits that are also under seletion

What are the two reasons for loose coupling between phenotypes and genotypes

-there are alot of DNA that is never translated or has little phenotypic effect

-developmental control genes turn off enture developmental pathways

Give two exaples of life history traits

number of offfspring, lifespan, and growth rate

What are two ways that mating success can be improved? explain each?

Intrasexual competition and intersexual competition.

In intrasexual competition, there is direct competition between members of the same sex to win access to the member of the other sex

in intersexual compeotion, there is attempting to be chosen as a mate by the opposite sex.

What are the reasons that a female may choose a specific male to reproduce with

direct benefits and indirect benefits

direct benefitrs include parental care, food, protection

indirect benefits include sexy sons and good genes

WHat are the four drivers of sexual selection patterns?

-offspring needs

-adult sex ratio

-mortality associated with providing parental care

-mortality associated with securing a mate

(oh a mog moment)

What are the four mating systems?

monogamy, polygany. polyandry, polygamy

monogamy is when both male and female have a singular sexual partner throughout their life or mating season

polygany is when females have one mate throughout their life or mating season and males have mutliple

polyandry is when males have one mate throuhout their life or mating season and females have many

polygamy is when both males and females have mutiple mates during a mating season or throughout their whole life

what are the two reasons traits are similar across speices?

shared ancestory and shared ecological pressures