Cells Unit 4 test Menzel

Golgi apparatus/ bodies

Packing house of the cell, “post office”.

Lysosome

Sacks filled with digestive enzymes to break down waste in cell. "garbage man of the cell”.

Lysosome

Digests food particles and cell parts, contains digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules

Golgi apparatus/ bodies

It packages, processes and ships out stuff the cell produces.

Vacuole

Empty sack used to store material. “Storage closet of the cell”

Vacuole

Stores food, water, and waste

Mitochondria

Responsible for energy production. Cell respiration - changes glucose into ATP

Mitochondria

Provides the energy the cell needs to move, divide, etc.

Chloroplast

Small green organelles found only in plant cells. Contains chlorophyll, makes plant green.

Chloroplast

Where photosynthesis takes place, how plants get energy

Cytoskeleton

Thin tube like structure that helps maintain shape and internal structure.

Cytoskeleton

Helps support cell organelles, helps with the movement of particles through the cytoplasm

Centrioles

Spindle shaped organelle that produces thin fibers

Centrioles

Move chromosomes during cell division (mitosis). Builders of cytoskeleton

Cell wall

Thick outer wall found only in plant cells

Cell wall

Made of cellulose, protects and supports the cell

Cell membrane

Thin outer layer of the cell, “gates of the cell”

Cell membrane

Allows nutrients into the cell and wastes outside of the cell.

Ribosomes

Factories of the cell, major producer of cell parts

Ribosomes

Site where proteins are made

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a jelly like fluid contained in the cell

Cytoplasm

Holds the organelles in place

DNA

Carries genetic information/ instructions for an organisms development, growth, and function

DNA

Store genetic instructions an organism needs to survive, develop, and reproduce

Nucleus

The control center of the cell. “Principals office”

Nucleus

It contains the cells DNA

Nucleous

A small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell that appears during interphase

Nucleolus

It is the site where ribosomes are made

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum that has ribosomes attached

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes attached make protein that are inserted right into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

endoplasmic reticulum that has no ribosomes attached

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Primary functions are lipid synthesis and detoxification

Cell respiration

Using glucose and oxygen to make energy (and water and carbon dioxide)

Excretion

Liquid/ gas waste removal like urea and carbon dioxide

Reproduction

Making new cells through mitosis (cell division)

Secretion

Packaging proteins and other materials for cell use or release from cells

Passive transport

Taking in small atoms or molecules without the use of energy

Digestion

Breaking down large food molecules into small ones (protein → amino acids)

Exocytosis

Solid waste removal, cannot pass through the membrane without help

Endocytosis

Taking in large food molecules like protein or sugar

Synthesis

Making proteins and other necessary molecules

Circulation

Movement of proteins or other molecules around the cell

Plasma membrane

What is another name for the cell membrane?

phospholipid bilayer

What is the cell membrane mostly made of?

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Hydrophobic

Water fearing

Peripheral protein

Protein on the outer layer of the cell membrane

Intergal protein

Protein embedded inside the cell membrane

Cholesterol

A hydrophobic lipid molecule that changes the fluidity of the membrane

Glycolipid

Lipids with carbohydrate chains attached that serve as cell recognition markers

Glycoprotein

Proteins with carbohydrate chains that can serve as cell recognition markers and can help neighboring cells interact or stick to each other

Small nonpolar molecules

What kinds of molecules can diffuse easily through the membrane without help from a transport protein?

Large polar molecules

What kinds of molecules cannot diffuse easily through the membrane and need help of a transport protein?

Concentration

The amount of a substance in a given space

Concentration gradient

The difference in the concentration of a substance between 2 areas, usually going high to low concentration

Equilibrium

A state where the concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space

Selectively permeable

A membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not others

Kinetic energy

what causes diffusion?

Water (H2O)

What molecule during osmosis moves across the membrane?

Hypertonic

Water leaves the cell moving from high to low concentration

Hypotonic

Water enters the cell moving from high to low concentration

Isotonic

Water enters and exits the cell at the same rate

Turgid

A plant cell that is swollen, in ideal state

Plasmolysis

The shrinking of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall of a plant cell

Cytolysis

The bursting of a cell due to excessive water entering the cell

Cell theory

All living things are made of cells, all cells come from preexisting cells, cells are the basic unit life

Fluid mosaic model

Cell membranes are this because although they are mostly made of phospholipids, they are made up of many parts.

Simple diffusion

The passive movement of small non polar molecules across a membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion with large polar charged molecules that are assisted by transport proteins (channel or carrier proteins)

Active transport

Transportation against a concentration gradient (requires energy)

Pinocytosis

A form of endocytosis that moves liquid

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis that moves solids using lysosomes

Tonicity

The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or loose water

Dynamic equilibrium

A state of equilibrium where the molecules keep moving while still maintaining equal

Aquaporons

What do water molecules move through in the membrane during osmosis?

Protist

What kingdom do the euglena and paramecium belong to?

Flagellum

How does the euglena move through the water?

Cilia

How does the paramecium move through the water?

Sexual reproduction

What does the micronucleus do in the cell?

Chloroplast

Why is the euglenas structure similar to a plant?

contractile vacuole

How do protists maintain homeostasis?

Plant

What kingdom does the onion root and leaf epidermis guard cell belong to?

Water and gas exchange

What do guard cells regulate?

Stoma

How do guard cells manage water content?

Animal

What kingdom do nerve cells and cheek cells belong to?

Eubacteria

What is the kingdom everyday bacteria belongs to?

Archaebacteria

What is the kingdom extreme bacteria belong to?

Rod, round, spiral

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

Pneumonia bacteria

What type of bacteria has a strong capsule that protects it, making it hard to fight

Botulism bacteria

What type of bacteria gives off waste that is extremely poisonous and tenses muscles?

fermentation bacteria

What type of bacteria ferments grass causing a chemical change?

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

What type of bacteria turns nitrogen into nitrates and is found in legumes?

Fungi

What kingdom do mushrooms belong to?

Chitin

What carbohydrate makes fungi closely related to animals?

Symbiotic relationship

A close, long-term interaction between two different species, crucial for survival

Ion channel

a protein in a cell's membrane that forms a pore, allowing specific charged ions (like Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-) to pass through

Ribosomes, cell membrane, DNA, cytoplasm

4 organelles all cells have

Centrioles, lysosomes

Organelles only animals have

Cell wall, chloroplasts

Organelles only plants have

Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins