AP World Decolonization (Middle East)

lesson 3-4

Processes of Nationalist movements

• nationalist leaders and parties

• negotiated independence

• independence through armed struggle

• regional, religious, and ethnic movements

decolonization

• becoming free from colonial rule

• empires were relectant to let go of their colonies; however colonial administration was expensive and often meant violent loss of life

• between 1947 and 1975, virtually every colony achieved independence and statehood

• bitter and difficult process

Decolonization in the Middle East Beginning

• imperialism and nationalism

• Ottoman Empire ruled over Middle East for 600 years, until they lost WW1

• people of the Middle East were not granted independence, insteas, the league of nations established a mandate system giving french and british control for 25 years

Creation of Israel

• at the end of 19th century, an international movement of Jews ho called themselves Zionists declared Palestine to be an appropriate homeland

• after the persecution of Jews during WW2, international sympathy contributed to the support for a Jewish state in Palestine

• Nation of Israel: May 14th, 1948 declared establishment of Israel, a Jewish state

U.N. Partition Plan

• following ww2 in 1947, the U.N. voted to partition Palestine into two states, one for Jews and one for Palestinians

  • the city of Jerusalem was to be an international zone shared by all

• the Jews agreed, but the Muslim/Arab Palestinians did not

Arab-Israeli War

• the following day after Israel was established, all surrounding Arab states declared war on Israel

• Israel won, and they took 70% of Palesstine (50% more than U.N. intended)

• hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees

Arab-Israeli Conflict

• most Middle-Eastern countries refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist and a series of conflict and wars have followed

• in 1964, Palestine Liberation organization (PLO) formed, and pledged to destroy Israel and restore the Palestine state.

Six-Day War

• in 1967, Egypt demandedd that U.N. troops leave Gaza and the Sinai Peninsula

• expecting a large scale Arab atackm Israel struck first and quickly defeated Arab forces

How fighting in the middle east effects the world

• price of goods worldwide increase due to the fighting disrupting imports and travel through the Suez Canal

Yom Kippur War

• determined to win back territoy, Eypt and Syria launch surprise attract against Israel in 1973

• OPEC declares oil embargo on countries supporting israel

• after weeks of fighting, agreed to cease fire

Egypt and Israel Peace Agreement

• make peace in 1978 in an agreement known as the Camp David Accords

• egypt recognized Israel, and Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt

• treaty ended 30 years of hostility between the two

Conflict in the Middle East Remains Unresolved

• palestinans still struggle for nationhood

• extremists on both sides have undermined peace processes between Israel and Palestine

• in 2005, Israel agreed to hand over hand over Gaza and parts of the West bank to Palestine

• tesions grew when Hamas (Palestinian militant group) won control of Palestinian parliment in 2006