LANG FINAL

Classical

syllogism: major proposition, minor proposition, followed by conclusion

Major Prop: All AP students are smart.

Minor Prop: I'm an AP student.

Conclus: I'm smart?

Major Prop: All grass-fed beef is good to eat.

Minor Prop: That Korean BBQ place serves grass-fed beef.

Conclus: I'm going to like that Korean BBQ place.

Rogerian

To solve a problem by compromise

Korean BBQ is awesome and not too over-priced: I also love In N Out for the meat and good pricing.

Deductive Reasoning

Reasoning in the form of if A, then B

All teachers are nice. Bob is a teacher. Therefore, it can be assumed that Bob is nice.

I like Korean BBQ. That restaurant serves Korean BBQ. I will like that restaurant.

Inductive Reasoning

Reasoning which starts specific, then goes general. If B, then A.

This organization often proves problematic or easily attacked

Bob is a teacher. All teachers are nice. Therefore, it can be assumed that Bob is nice.

Cham Sut Gul is a great restaurant. They have Korean BBQ. I love all Korean BBQ.

Ad vericundium

Belief that something said by a great person is true, even if times have changed or prove to be wrong

Post Hoc

Attempts to prove something by showing that because 2nd event followed a first event, the 2nd event is a result of the 1st event

Whenever I don't watch my favorite team on TV (the Steelers), they win. Whenever I watch the game, and waste 3 hours of my life, they lose.

Whenever I have Korean BBQ for dinner, the Steelers win. If I keep going to Korean BBQ, they're going to the Super Bowl.

We totally would have won if I hadn't been injured for the game!

Begging the Question

Assumes something to beb true that needs proof

Example: I like her because she is likeable.

Ex. I like Korean BBQ because it's the best.

Equivocation

Use of expressions susceptible of a double meaning with a purpose to mislead

Fine for parking here

Either/Or Reasoning

Does not allow for any shades of meaning, compromise or intermediate cases.

We either abolish cars or the environment is doomed.

I must eat Korean BBQ after this presentation, or I will starve to death.

Red Herring

A distractor

Purple Patch

Overly ornate writing

Diction

Word choice; general character of the language used by the author

Literal

Accurate without embelishment

figurative

comparison creating a pictorial effect

Mooney is tight as bark on a tree.

denotative

exact meaning

connotative

suggested, emotional meaning

objective

impersonal unemotional

multiple choice test

subjective

personal, emotional

essay test

active

states action

he threw the ball

passive

states being

the ball was thrown by him

Prepositional phrase

phrase that has prep. its object and modifiers

the homecoming dance (in the gym) was great

Appositve phrase

a noun or pronoun that renames a noun or pronoun

verbal phrase

verbs acting as another part of speech

gerund phrase

a verb as a noun ending with "ing"

participial phrase

a verb form functioning as adj.

natural/basic

sentence with subject prior to predicate

she went to the river

inverted

predicate comes before subject

went to the river she did

loose/back loaded

express subject at or near beginning and adds modifying elements at end

she went to the river on this lovely day

periodic/front loaded

express subject AFTER modifying elements or closer to the period

On this lovely day in the middle of September, I got in my van and I went to the river.

epistrophe

repetition of the end word or phrase in a series of clauses or phrases

antimetabole

repeating words in reverse order for surprise and emphasis

Pleasure's a sin, and sometime sin's a pleasure.

chiasmus

reversing grammatical elements for emphasis

He was wise and compassionate as a councelor, but as a teacher inefficient and ineffectual.

rhetoric

principles governing the ART of writing or speaking effectively, persuasively

Narration

the representation in writing of an event or a story

Exposition

discourse designed to convey or to explain information

narration

recites the time, manner, or consequences of an action

description

a pictorial representation

illustration

a comparison or example intended to make clear

process analysis

a how-to essay with directions and instructions

digression/aside

instance of straying, especially a written passage that has no bearing on the main subject

What is my homework....oh I can't wait for lunch....I'm going to be busy tonight.

Apostrophe

the direct address of an absent or imaginary person or of a personified abstraction

synechdoche

metioning a part of something for the whole

lefty, blondie, baldy

metonymy

figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which is closely associated

Pen is mightier than the sword, a new executive in an office might be called "a new suit."

litote

using the negative to assert a positive; negative understatement

"you are not wrong"

SOAPSS

Subject

Occasion

Audience

Purpose

Speaker

Style

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