Longitudinal 6 Top 300 Exam 2

what are the brand names for carvedilol?

-Coreg

-Coreg CR

what is the generic of Coreg?

carvedilol

what is the MOA for carvedilol?

-selective α1- and nonselective β-adrenergic blocker

-decreases AV nodal conduction in supraventricular tachycardias and blockade of catecholamine-induced dysrhythmia

what are the common ADRs for carvedilol?

-cold extremities

-dizziness

-diarrhea

-fatigue

-hypotension

-weight gain

what are the brand names for clonidine?

-Catapres

-Kapvay

what is the generic of Catapres?

clonidine

what is the generic of Kapvay?

clonidine

what is the MOA for clonidine?

-stimulates presynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors

-blocks postsynaptic α2-adrenergic receptors in the CNS by activating inhibitory neurons to decrease sympathetic outflow

-not a complete agonist, so some of its effects might result from antagonist actions at presynaptic α-receptors

-these actions reduce peripheral vascular resistance, renal vascular resistance, HR, and BP.

what are the common ADRs for clonidine?

-erythema (patchy)

-feeling nervous

-headache

-somnolence

-xerostomia

what is the brand name for furosemide?

Lasix

what is the generic of Lasix?

furosemide

what is the MOA for furosemide?

-a loop diuretic that is actively secreted via the nonspecific organic acid transport system into the lumen of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, where it decreases sodium reabsorption by competing for the chloride site on the Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter

what are the common ADRs for furosemide?

hyperuricemia

what is the brand name for dapagliflozin?

Farxiga

what is the generic of Farxiga?

dapagliflozin

what is the MOA for dapagliflozin?

inhibits SGLT2 in the proximal renal tubules, which reduces reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen

what are the common ADRs for dapagliflozin?

none known

what are the brand names for insulin?

-Humulin

-"various analogs"

what is the generic of Humulin

insulin

what is the MOA for insulin?

promotes cellular uptake of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, and their conversion to glycogen, triglycerides, and proteins

what are the common ADRs for insulin?

-injection site reactions

-weight gain

what are the brand names for metformin?

-Glucophage

-Riomet

what is the generic of Glucophage?

metformin

what is the generic of Riomet?

metformin

what is the MOA for metformin?

-a biguanide antihyperglycemic agent

-does not affect insulin secretion

-reduces hepatic glucose production

-enhances glucose utilization by muscle

what are the common ADRs for metformin?

-diarrhea

-malabsorption

-nausea

-asthenia

-vomiting

-flatulence

what are the brand names for sitagliptin?

-Januvia

-Zituvio

what is the generic of Januvia?

sitagliptin

what is the generic of Zituvio?

sitagliptin

what is the MOA for sitagliptin?

-a DPP-4 enzyme inhibitor

-inhibits the degradation of incretin hormones by DPP-4 and enhances the function of GLP-1 and GIP to increase insulin release and decrease glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner

what are the common ADRs for sitagliptin?

hypoglycemia

what is the brand name for buspirone?

BuSpar

what is the generic of BuSpar?

buspirone

what is the MOA for buspirone?

-selective serotonin-5-HT1A receptor partial agonists

-has some effect on dopamine-D2 auto-receptors

-like antidepressants, can downregulate β-adrenergic receptors

-unlike benzodiazepines, it lacks amnestic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant, and hypnotic effects

-its exact anxiolytic MOA is complex and not clearly defined

what are the common ADRs for buspirone?

dizziness

what are the brand names for paroxetine?

-Paxil

-Paxil CR

what is the generic of Paxil?

paroxetine

what is the MOA for paroxetine?

a highly selective and potent inhibitor of serotonin reuptake (SSRI)

what are the common ADRs for paroxetine?

-abnormal ejaculation

-asthenia

-constipation

-diarrhea

-headache

-insomnia

-nausea

-somnolence

-diaphoresis

-reduced libido

what is the brand name for clopidogrel?

Plavix

what is the generic of Plavix?

clopidogrel

what is the MOA for clopidogrel?

-an antiplatelet agent

-prevents platelet aggregation by direct inhibition of ADP binding to receptor sites, inhibiting subsequent activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex

-this action is irreversible; therefore, platelets exposed to clopidogrel are inhibited for their lifespans

what are the common ADRs for clopidogrel?

headache

what is the brand name for dabigatran?

Pradaxa

what is the generic of Pradaxa?

dabigatran

what is the MOA for dabigatran?

-a competitive, reversible, direct thrombin inhibitor

-because thrombin enables the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during the coagulation cascade, its inhibition prevents the development of a thrombus

-both free and clot-bound thrombin and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation are inhibited

what are the common ADRs for dabigatran?

-dyspepsia

-gastritis

-bleeding

what is the brand name for colesevelam?

Welchol

what is the generic of Welchol?

colesevelam

what is the MOA for colesevelam?

-a nonabsorbed, polymeric, lipid-lowering agent that binds intestinal bile acids, resulting in the increased clearance of LDL-cholesterol and a reduction in total cholesterol

-unlike cholestyramine and colestipol, colesevelam is NOT an anion exchange resin but binds bile acids and impedes their reabsorption

what are the common ADRs for colesevelam?

constipation

what are the brand names for rosuvastatin?

-Crestor

-Ezallor

what is the generic of Crestor?

rosuvastatin

what is the generic of Ezallor?

rosuvastatin

what is the MOA for rosuvastatin?

-HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors competitively inhibit conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, an early rate-limiting step in cholesterol synthesis

-a compensatory increase in LDL receptors, which bind and remove circulating LDL-cholesterol, results

-production of LDL-cholesterol can also decrease because of decreased production of VLDL-cholesterol or increased VLDL removal by LDL receptors

what are the common ADRs for rosuvastatin?

arthralgia

what is the brand name for oseltamivir?

Tamiflu

what is the generic of Tamiflu?

oseltamivir

what is the MOA for oseltamivir?

an inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, which prevents viral progeny detaching from the cellular envelope

what are the common ADRs for oseltamivir?

-nausea

-vomiting

-headache

what is the brand name for lansoprazole?

Prevacid?

what is the generic of Prevacid?

lansoprazole

what is the MOA for lansoprazole?

-a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) that, when protonated in the secretory canaliculi of the parietal cells, covalently binds to H++/K+-ATPase (proton pump), which is the final pathway for acid secretion

what are the common ADRs for lansoprazole?

none known

what are the brand names for fluitcasone/salmeterol?

-Advair Diskus

-Advair HFA

-AirDuo RespiClick

-Wixela Inhub

what is the generic of Advair Diskus?

fluitcasone/salmeterol

what is the generic of Advair HFA?

fluitcasone/salmeterol

what is the generic of AirDuo RespiClick?

fluitcasone/salmeterol

what is the generic of Wixela Inhub?

fluitcasone/salmeterol

what is the MOA for fluitcasone/salmeterol?

Fluticasone

-a synthetic trifluorinated corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory effects

-a human glucocorticoid receptor agonist that inhibits multiple cell types and mediator production or secretion involved in asthma and COPD

Salmeterol

-a long-acting β2-adrenergic agonist, stimulates intracellular adenylyl cyclase in catalyzing the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3',5,'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)

-the increased cyclic AMP levels result in the relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibition of the release of mediators of instantaneous hypersensitivity from mast cells

what are the common ADRs for fluitcasone/salmeterol?

-headache

-pharyngitis

-upper respiratory infection

-difficulty speaking

what are the brand names for tiotropium?

-Spiriva HandiHaler

-Spiriva Respimat

what is the generic of Spiriva (HandiHaler or Respimat)?

tiotropium

what is the MOA for tiotropium?

-a long-acting antimuscarinic agent, which is often referred to as an anticholinergic

-has similar affinity to the subtypes of muscarinic receptors, M1-M5

-in the airways, it exhibits pharmacologic effects through inhibition of M3-receptors at the smooth muscle leading to bronchodilation

-the bronchodilation following inhalation of tiotropium is predominantly a site-specific effect

what are the common ADRs for tiotropium?

-xerostomia

-upper respiratory infection

-pharyngitis

-sinusitis

what is the brand name for varenicline?

Chantix

what is the generic of Chantix?

varenicline

what is the MOA for varenicline?

-binds with high affinity and selectivity at α4β2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

-its efficacy in smoking cessation is believed to be the result of activity at α4β2 subtype of the nicotinic receptor where its binding produces agonist activity, while simultaneously preventing nicotine binding to these receptors

what are the common ADRs for varenicline?

-dream disorder

-nausea

-headache

-insomnia

-irritability

what are the brand names for ranolazine?

-Ranexa

-Aspruzyo

what is the generic of Ranexa?

ranolazine

what is the generic of Aspruzyo?

ranolazine

what is the MOA for ranolazine?

inhibits the late phase of the inward sodium channel during cardiac repolarization reducing intracellular sodium concentrations, thereby reducing calcium influx via Na+-Ca2+ exchange that in turn reduces ventricular tension and myocardial oxygen consumption

what are the common ADRs for ranolazine?

none known

what is the brand name for vardenafil?

Levitra

what is the generic of Levitra?

vardenafil

what is the MOA for vardenafil?

-inhibition of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) by vardenafil enhances erectile function by increasing the amount of cyclic GMP

-penile erection during sexual stimulation is mediated by the release of nitric oxide (NO) from nerve terminals and endothelial cells, which stimulates the synthesis of cyclic GMP in smooth muscle cells

-cyclic GMP causes smooth muscle relaxation, increasing blood flow into the corpus cavernosum

what are the common ADRs for vardenafil?

-flushing

-headache

what are the brand names for oxcarbazepine?

-Trileptal

-Oxtellar XR

what is the generic of Trileptal?

oxcarbazepine

what is the generic of Oxtellar XR?

oxcarbazepine

what is the MOA for oxcarbazepine?

-a 10-keto analogue of carbamazepine that exerts its anticonvulsant effect through an active 10-monohydroxy metabolite (MHD)

-its MOA is not known but likely involves blockade of voltage-dependent sodium channels and inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing

what are the common ADRs for oxcarbazepine?

-somnolence

-abdominal pain

-headache

-diplopia

-dizziness

what are the brand names for phenytoin?

-Dilantin

-Phenytek

what is the generic of Dilantin?

phenytoin

what is the generic of Phenytek?

phenytoin

what is the MOA for phenytoin?

-a hydantoin that suppresses the spread of seizure activity mainly by inhibiting synaptic posttetanic potentiation and blocking the propagation of electric discharge

-might decrease sodium transport and block calcium channels at the cellular level to produce these actions

what are the common ADRs of phenytoin?

gingival hyperplasia

what are the brand names for topiramate?

-Topamax

-Eprontia

what is the generic of Topamax?

topiramate