Problem solving and creativity

Problem Solving

Active process of finding a way to achieve a goal that is not immediately obvious.

Four stages of problem solving

1. Identify the problem, 2. Generate possible solutions, 3. Evaluate solutions, 4. Implement and evaluate results.

Trial and Error

Testing multiple solutions and eliminating failures; inefficient and time-consuming.

Algorithm

Step-by-step procedure that guarantees the correct solution if followed correctly.

Heuristic

Mental shortcut or rule-of-thumb that is quick and efficient but does not guarantee accuracy.

Mental Set

Using familiar strategies even when better ones exist.

Functional Fixedness

Inability to see new uses for familiar objects.

Confirmation Bias

Seeking information that supports beliefs and ignoring opposing evidence.

Framing

Decisions influenced by how information is presented.

Overconfidence

Overestimating the accuracy of one’s knowledge or judgments.

Creativity

Ability to produce ideas that are novel, original, and useful; not strongly related to IQ.

Divergent Thinking

Generates many possible solutions; creative and flexible.

Convergent Thinking

Focuses on one correct answer; logical and conventional.

Brainstorming

Generating many ideas without judging them first to increase creativity and participation.

Insight

Sudden realization of a solution, often referred to as an 'aha' moment.

Incubation

Unconscious processing that occurs after taking a break from a problem, helping to overcome mental blocks.

Availability Heuristic

Judging likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.

Representativeness Heuristic

Judging based on similarity to a prototype or stereotype.

Metacognition

Thinking about one’s thinking.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Machines performing human cognitive tasks.

Expert System

AI that mimics expert decision-making.

Belief Perseverance

Holding beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

Illusion of Knowing

Believing you understand something when you do not.