The Industrial Society 1850-1901

What factor MOST fueled rapid industrial growth in the late 19th century?

A. Decline in immigration

B. Abundant natural resources

C. Fewer inventions

D. Reduced labor supply

B. Abundant natural resources

What major impact did railroads have on the U.S. economy?

A. They slowed western settlement

B. They decreased immigration

C. They created a national market

D. They eliminated competition

C. They created a national market

The completion of the first transcontinental railroad in 1869:

A. Increased dependence on canals

B. Linked the East and West

C. Reduced settlement

D. Ended railroad expansion

B. Linked the East and West

Which invention transformed communication in 1876?

A. Telegraph

B. Typewriter

C. Telephone

D. Radio

C. Telephone

The Bessemer process made it possible to:

A. Produce steel cheaply and quickly

B. Build wooden bridges

C. Improve farming tools

D. Expand coal mining

A. Produce steel cheaply and quickly

Which company became the first major corporate trust?

A. Carnegie Steel

B. Standard Oil

C. U.S. Steel

D. Western Union

B. Standard Oil

The Knights of Labor were known for:

A. Only accepting skilled workers

B. Opposing strikes Broad

C. Supporting child labor

D. Broad membership and reform goals

D. Broad membership and reform goals

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 began because of:

A. Railroad expansion

B. Wage cuts

C. New safety laws

D. Government subsidies

B. Wage cuts

Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel industry by using:

A. Vertical integration

B. Horizontal integration

C. Government ownership

D. Foreign investment

A. Vertical integration

John D. Rockefeller gained power in the oil industry by:

A. Avoiding competition

B. Using rebates and consolidating rivals

C. Refusing to expand

D. Selling only overseas

B. Using rebates and consolidating rivals

J.P. Morgan became powerful by:

A. Inventing the telegraph

B. Leading labor unions

C. Reorganizing bankrupt railroads

D. Building the first oil refinery

C. Reorganizing bankrupt railroads

Cornelius Vanderbilt was known for:

A. Controlling the steel industry

B. Unifying major eastern rail lines

C. Inventing the telephone

D. Leading the Knights of Labor

B. Unifying major eastern rail lines

Thomas Edison contributed to industrial growth by:

A. Creating the light bulb and research labs

B. Building railroads

C. Developing the Bessemer process

D. Leading labor strikes

A. Creating the light bulb and research labs

Standard time zones were created in 1883 to:

A. Help farmers

B. Improve factory safety

C. Reduce immigration

D. Organize railroad schedules

D. Organize railroad schedules

The Haymarket Riot increased public fear of:

A. Railroads

B. Radicalism and labor unions

C. Corporations

D. Immigration

B. Radicalism and labor unions

The Homestead Strike involved workers from which industry?

A. Steel

B. Oil

C. Railroads

D. Coal

A. Steel

Railroads were often built quickly and wastefully because:

A. Workers lacked skills

B. Companies wanted to collect subsidies

C. Steel was too expensive

D. The government required it

B. Companies wanted to collect subsidies

The Panic of 1893 was partly caused by:

A. Railroad overbuilding

B. Decline in immigration

C. Lack of inventions

D. Reduced steel production

A. Railroad overbuilding

Vertical integration means:

A. Controlling only one stage of production

B. Controlling every step from raw materials to finished product

C. Merging with competitors

D. Selling products overseas

B. Controlling every step from raw materials to finished product

The two most important innovations of the late 19th century were:

A. Telegraph and steam engine

B. Railroad and airplane

C. Telephone and electricity

D. Typewriter and automobile

C. Telephone and electricity

Department stores changed shopping by:

A. Eliminating advertising

B. Allowing customers to browse and compare goods

C. Selling only farm tools

D. Replacing mail‑order catalogs

B. Allowing customers to browse and compare goods

Mail‑order catalogs were important because they:

A. Helped rural Americans access goods

B. Served only wealthy customers

C. Required in‑store pickup

D. Sold only clothing

A. Helped rural Americans access goods

Working conditions in the late 19th century were:

A. Safe and regulated

B. Low‑risk with high pay

C. Dangerous with long hours

D. Mostly part‑time

C. Dangerous with long hours

Women workers in the 19th century were MOST likely employed as:

A. Railroad engineers

B. Nurses & Teachers

C. Steelworkers

D. Coal miners

B. Nurses & Teachers

The AFL focused on:

A. Broad social reform

B. Skilled workers’ wages and hours

C. Ending immigration

D. Government ownership of factories

B. Skilled workers’ wages and hours

Which of the following was a major source of labor for growing industries?

A. Immigrants and farmers
B. Retired soldiers
C. Railroad executives
D. Plantation owners

A. Immigrants and farmers

Which invention allowed messages to be sent instantly across long distances?

A. Telephone
B. Telegraph
C. Typewriter
D. Phonograph

B. Telegraph

Railroads helped create a national market by:

A. Reducing the need for factories
B. Encouraging trade across the country
C. Limiting long‑distance travel
D. Eliminating competition

B. Encouraging trade across the country

After the Civil War, railroads expanded rapidly due to:

A. Private donations
B. Foreign investors
C. State‑owned factories
D. Federal loans and land grants

D. Federal loans and land grants

What was a major political impact of railroad expansion?

A. Reduced government involvement
B. Increased conflict with Native Americans
C. Decreased settlement in the West
D. Lower demand for steel

B. Increased conflict with Native Americans

Which Northeast trunk line was run by Cornelius Vanderbilt?

A. Erie Railroad
B. B&O Railroad
C. New York Central
D. Pennsylvania Railroad

C. New York Central

The first Pacific railroad was built by which two companies?

A. B&O and Erie
B. Union Pacific and Central Pacific
C. Standard Oil and U.S. Steel
D. Northern Pacific and Southern Pacific

B. Union Pacific and Central Pacific

What was a major economic result of railroad overbuilding?

A. Higher wages
B. Financial instability and rate wars
C. Reduced competition
D. Stronger government regulation

B. Financial instability and rate wars

Why did pooling agreements among railroads fail?

A. Competition was too intense
B. They were illegal
C. Workers refused to cooperate
D. Steel prices were too high

B. Competition was too intense