EOC Biology Vocabulary Review

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering macromolecules, cell biology, genetics, evolution, and ecology based on EOC review notes.

What are the monomers, or building blocks, of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (glucose)

What are the building blocks of lipids?

Triglycerides (fatty acids)

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

By what mechanism do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?

By decreasing the activation energy

Under what conditions do enzymes become denatured?

If the temperature or pH is changed (too high or too low)

What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?

Short term energy and structure of plant cell walls

What are the primary functions of lipids?

Long term energy, part of the cell membrane, and insulation

What are the primary functions of nucleic acids?

To store genetic information and protein synthesis

What does it mean for water to be a polar molecule?

It has a positive and a negative end

How does the density of water change when it freezes?

Density decreases while volume increases, allowing the top layer of a lake to freeze so marine life can survive below

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Passive transport requires no energy and moves from high to low concentration; active transport requires energy ($ATP$) and goes against the concentration gradient (low to high)

How is a hypertonic solution defined in relation to a cell?

The concentration of solute outside the cell is greater than inside, causing water to leave the cell

What are the three parts of the cell theory?

1. Cells are the basic unit of life 2. All living things are made of cells 3. All cells come from preexisting cells

When is energy released from an $ATP$ molecule?

When the bond between the last phosphate groups break

What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?

$$6H_2O + 6CO_2 + (\text{solar energy}) \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$$

What is the chemical formula for cellular respiration?

$$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6H_2O + 6CO_2 + \text{ATP energy}$$

What are the end products of mitosis?

2 identical diploid cells

What are the chromosome counts for diploid and haploid cells in humans?

Diploid is $2n = 46$ chromosomes and Haploid is $n = 23$ chromosomes

What are the end products of Meiosis II?

4 unique haploid cells

What are the three sub-phases of Interphase?

$G1$ (growth and organelle duplication), $S$ (DNA replication synthesis), and $G2$ (remaining growth)

When do crossing over and independent assortment occur?

Crossing over occurs during meiosis I, prophase I; independent assortment occurs during meiosis I, metaphase I

What describes the "Central Dogma" of biology?

$$DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow \text{proteins}$$

What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not DNA?

Uracil (replaces Thymine)

What are the three steps of DNA replication?

1. Unzip the double helix 2. Semi-conservative templating 3. Base pairing ($C$ with $G$ and $A$ with $T$)

What are the two steps of protein synthesis and where do they occur?

Transcription takes place in the nucleus and Translation occurs in the cytoplasm

Only mutations occurring in which type of cells will be passed to offspring?

Gametes (sex cells)

What is the difference between codominance and incomplete dominance?

Codominance shows both dominant traits at once (e.g., stripes); incomplete dominance blends the traits (e.g., red and yellow making orange)

What was the likely nature of the first organisms on Earth?

Anaerobic heterotrophs built of basic amino acids

How do trends in human evolution describe changes to the skull and jaw?

Increased brain and skull size, and smaller jaw size due to dietary changes (cooking food)

What is the difference between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?

Bottleneck is when a population nearly goes extinct and recovers with low variation; founder effect is when rare or "bad" traits become common in a new population

What are the seven levels used to classify organisms?

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

What are the three domains of life?

Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, and Domain Eukarya

Which plant tissue is responsible for transporting water and glucose?

Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)

How do stomata and guard cells function in leaves?

Stomata are openings that release oxygen or allow carbon dioxide to enter, regulated by guard cells

How does blood volume relate to blood pressure?

As blood volume increases, pressure increases; as blood volume decreases, pressure decreases

What are the three trimesters of human fetal development focusing on major milestones?

1st: Rapid cell division, heart develops (week 5); 2nd: General growth, fingernails, sleep cycle; 3rd: Weight gain, lung maturation, rotating head-down

What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?

Biotic factors are living parts of an ecosystem (animals/plants); abiotic factors are nonliving parts (sunlight, water, soil)

What happens to sunlight and oxygen levels as depth increases in aquatic ecosystems?

Both sunlight and oxygen levels decrease