Animal Nutrition - 13 Water Soluble Vitamins

What is Vitamin B-1 and what is the function

Thiamin; cofactor in aldehyde group transfer and decarboxylation reactions

Vitamin B-1 Deficiency

Accumulation of pyruvate and lactic acid in blood; causes Beriberi in humans.

What is Beriberi

enlarged heart, numbness of extremities, weakness, stiffness, unsteady gait

What is Polyneuritis and what is it caused by

"star gazing" in poultry caused by a Vit B deficiency

What is Vitamin B-2 and what is the function

Riboflavin; hydrogen transfer reactions and redox.

What is B-2 converted to

Flacin Adenine dinucleotide (FAD and FADH) and Flavin mono nucleotide (FMN)

Vitamin B-2 Deficiency

Stomatitis, conjunctivitis, light sensitivity, decreased growth, anemia.

Why is Vit B2, B5 and Niacin not required in the diet of ruminants

because of microbial synthesis

What is Vitamin B-3 and what is the function

Niacin; hydrogen transfer and redox

What is Niacin converted to and what can it be synthesized from?

NAD and NADP; tryptophan

Niacin Deficiency in humans cause what disease

Pellegra; symptoms include sensitivity to sunlight, aggression, dermatitis, weakness, diarrhea, dementia.

What is group is pellagra common in

in people that rely on corn for food energy like in South and Central America

What does a general deficiency in Niacin cause

reduced growth and appetite, dermatitis, necrotic enteritis, CNS dysfunction

What is Vitamin B-5 and what is the function

pantothenic acid; acyl group transfer and precursor for Coenzyme A and fatty acid metabolism

Pantothenic Acid Deficiency

Decreased growth, dermatitis, fatty liver, peripheral nerve damage.

What does a pantothenic deficiency in pigs cause

Goose-stepping

What is Vitamin B-6 and what is the function

Pyridoxine; transamination, decarboxylation, racemization, deamination

Pyridoxine Deficiency

CNS dysfunction, convulsions.

What is Vitamin B-9 and what is the function

Folic acid; one carbon transfer and nucleic acid synthesis

Folic Acid Deficiency

Anemia (megablastic) just like B12, fetal abnormalities, neural tube defects.

Where Is cyanocobalamin found

Only in foods of animal origin and synthesize only be microorganisms

What is Vitamin B-12 and what is the function

cyanocobalamin; hydrogen shift, amino acid metabolism, RBC formation, folic acid?

Cyanocobalamin Deficiency

Pernicious anemia (megoblastic), immature blood cells in circulation.

What is Biotin and its function

Vitamin H; involved in carboxylation reactions.

Biotin Deficiency

Rare; dermatitis caused by avidin in raw eggs binding biotin.

Choline functions

Methyl group donor and a component of phospholipid in cell membranes

Choline Deficiency

Fatty liver; particularly important in poultry diets.

What is Ascorbic Acid and what are its functions

Vitamin C; antioxidant, reducing agent, collagen synthesis

Why is vitamin C essential in human, primates, guinea pigs, bats, fish, and invertebrates?

because they lack the enzyme gulonolaxtone oxidase

Ascorbic Acid Functions

Antioxidant for regeneration of Vitamin E and cofactor in collagen formation.

Ascorbic Acid Deficiency

Scurvy; symptoms include bleeding gums, inadequate collagen synthesis, anemia.

What are some other vitamins

Carnitine, Taurine, Lipoic acid

Carnitine

Required for fatty acid metabolism; conditionally essential nutrient.

Taurine

Function in bile salts; required by cats.

Lipoic Acid

Cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction; antioxidant.

what does a lack of taurine cause in cats

retina slowly degenerating, eye problems, hair and tooth decay

What amino acid is taurine made from

Cysteine

Where is taurine found

Fish, meat, and milk

What is lipoic acid essential for

aerobic metabolism and is made normally by animals

Phytochemicals

Compounds produced in plants that may help defend against predators or pathogens. May have health benefits but proof is lacking.

What are some phytochemicals

Capsaicin, Curcumin, Isoflacones, Resveratrol, Carotenoids, Phytic acid, Indoles, Genistrain, Organosulfures, Saponins, Tannins