Our Last and Final Cluck XD

this measure is an assessment of the occurrence of specific behaviors like a bird scratching the ground

behavioral measure

this measure is an assessment which can be measured by observing visuals in environment like clean litter

applied measure

this measure is a direct measure of physiology impacted by welfare like corticosterone hormone

technical measures

there are five accurate welfare principles

1. must be objective 2. variables measure must be related to a species welfare 3. human presence accounted for 4. sampling unit always visible 5. no bias

what is an ethogram

dictionary with all the specific behaviors of each animal species

why would you use an ethogram

describe behavior and to not misinterpret a report

what is a negative stereotypical behavior

repetitive behavior like pacing out of boredom trying to express natural behavior in the wild

what is a negative misdirected behavior

normal actions but on wrong target like horse chewing a fence

what is a negative social behavior

aggression towards other beings like two beta fish in one tank

what is a negative anxiety behavior

increased weird behavior like constant yawning

how many chickens do we need per week

20-22 million

(25 million eggs, 1 mil per week, 25 major hatcheries)

what makes poultry birds so suitable for agriculture

born from eggs, easy waste management, many offspring, embryos can be stores, transported, incubated

why is the egg an advantage to the chick

has all materials to protect and develop the chick

what does the chick need other than the yolk

air (o2 and moisture) and energy (heat, movement)

air+heat+moisture+movement= chick

how long have we used artificial incubation

over 2000 years- from ancient Egypt

the eggs need three different temperatures- prior laying, first 18 days in incubator and 19-21 days at hatching what are the temps

105-107, 99.5, 98-99

how to chicks breathe in the shell

shell has pores to let o2 in and co2 out and water vapor out

how much humidity is needed for the egg and why

50-60% bc water has to evaporate from the egg or the chick will drown

why are eggs places pointy end down when turning

so the air cell is up for air exchange

• turned 45 degrees every 1-3 hours

when are eggs incubated in the setter

through day 19

when do eggs go to hatcher

at 1% pip

when are eggs taken from incubator trays to hatching trays

19 day

on the 19 day the chicks are vaccinated before hatching by what machine

embrex

what are the 3 hatching positions

horizontal, temp at 98.5-99, 65% humidity

how many cells does the egg have at laying

30,000

at what day does the chick turn its head to the big end

14

in the first day five things develop what are they

4hrs: heart and blood vessels

12hrs: heat beat

21hrs: nervous system

22hrs: head

24hrs: eyes

what is candling

hovering egg over light to see inside

on the third day what is established fully

heart and circulation

on the 6 day what is formed

eye noticeable and brain and nervous system forms

what is formed on the 8 day

limb development

what is formed on the 12 day

feather tracks

what is formed on 18 day

yolk ate and calcification of bone

at 20-21 days what things happen

yolk sac absorbed, just embryo and air cell, pipping, lungs functional, PULMONARY RESPIRATION BEGINS

when do chicks start pipping

21-22 day- hatch on 23

why is the health of birds important

profit depends on them

there are 8 different ways that birds get sick name the main two and any others

direct contant with people and vector born

• consumption of products, cross contamination, vertical transmission(mom to child), fecal, water/food/fomite, respiratory

what is morbidity and mortality

morbidity: sick birds, mortality: dead birds

consequences of morbidity

reduced performance(growth and feed efficiency), medication cost, birds die enroute, plant downgrades in quality

3 causes of disease

poor ventilation, temperature, stress

4 signs of a healthy flock

normal feed and water consumption, normal droppings, normal sounds and behavior, normal production

which is a healthy dropping

first one- white(urine) and brown

best vet advice when owning chickens

sit and listen to them

what could a shell less egg mean

ai, newcastle disease, bronchitis, egg drop

what could wrinkly egg mean

infectious bronchitis

other signs of disease

head shaking, shrunken discolored comb, sores, droopy, tremors, eye nose discharge

what are the four pathogens for disease

viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi

what is the difference of endoparasites and ectoparasites and an example

endo: in, protozoan, worms

ecto: out, mites and lice- spread disease

description of a bacteria

single celled, living, reproduce on own, antibiotic treatment

description of virus

dna and rna, nonliving, host for repro, antibiotics will not work, small

what is the major spread of ai

waterfowl- migration birds

What was the leading cause of mortality in backyard poultry?

Neoplasia / lymphoproliferative disease (mainly Marek’s disease).

What is Marek’s disease?

A highly contagious viral disease in chickens caused by Gallid herpesvirus 2

How does Marek’s disease spread?

Through feather dust and contaminated environments.

What does Marek’s Disease Cause?

Causes tumors, paralysis, weight loss, and death.

How is the Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) vaccine used in the poultry industry?

It is often given in ovo (inside the egg before hatching) or immediately at hatcheries under controlled conditions.

How is Marek’s Disease Virus (MDV) vaccination different in backyard flocks?

Backyard flocks may not be vaccinated at all or are vaccinated inconsistently after hatching.

Why is lack of vaccination a problem in backyard flocks?

It increases susceptibility to Marek’s disease and allows faster spread between birds.

What is FSIS?

The Food Safety and Inspection Service, a USDA agency that inspects meat and poultry for safety and quality.

What does FSIS do in processing plants?

Inspects every bird, monitors sanitation, and tests for pathogens during production.

What is stunning in poultry processing?

A process that renders birds unconscious before slaughter using electricity or controlled atmosphere gas.

Why is stunning used?

To reduce pain and ensure humane slaughter.

What is evisceration?

The removal of internal organs from the bird after feathers are removed.

Why are carcasses chilled after defeathering?

To rapidly cool the meat and slow bacterial growth.

What bacteria risk exists in raw poultry?

Naturally occurring bacteria that can cause foodborne illness if not handled properly.

What are the 4 main food safety steps for consumers?

Clean, Separate, Cook, Chill.

What temperature should poultry be cooked to?

165°F internal temperature.

What is the purpose of sanitation in poultry plants?

To disinfect equipment and prevent contamination through cleaning daily.

What is a key strength of modern poultry processing systems?

They are highly automated, regulated, and monitored for food safety by FSIS.

What is a common limitation in poultry mortality research?

Uneven data collection, limited geographic coverage, and inconsistent testing.

Why are poultry processing plants located near farms?

To reduce transport time, which lowers stress on the birds and helps maintain quality.

What are the two main methods of stunning birds?

Electrical stunning and controlled atmosphere stunning.

What happens during scalding?

Birds are placed in hot water to loosen feathers for removal.

What do defeathering machines use to remove feathers?

Mechanical rubber fingers.

What is the purpose of the evisceration step?

To remove internal organs so the carcass can be inspected and processed safely.

What is microbial risk in raw poultry?

Naturally occurring bacteria that can cause foodborne illness if not handled properly.

What is the purpose of antimicrobial rinses?

To reduce bacteria levels on raw poultry and improve food safety.

What is sanitation’s role in poultry plants?

Prevents contamination by cleaning equipment, floors, and surfaces daily.

What are the 4 main food safety steps?

Clean, Separate, Cook, Chill.

What does “Separate” mean?

Prevent cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

What does “Cook” mean?

Cook poultry to a safe internal temperature of 165°F.

What does “Chill” mean?

Refrigerate food quickly to slow bacterial growth.

Why is 165°F important?

It is the minimum internal temperature needed to kill harmful bacteria in poultry.

What does neoplasia mean in this study?

Abnormal cell growth, often cancerous tumors.

What is lymphoproliferative disease?

A condition where white blood cells grow abnormally and form tumors.

What percentage of deaths was caused by Marek’s disease?

About 22% (582 birds).

What is one reason poultry processing is considered highly safe today?

Because it combines automation, sanitation, FSIS oversight, and microbial testing.

What is the role of the consumer in poultry safety?

Proper handling at home (clean, separate, cook, chill) is the final step in preventing illness.

Why is poultry processing considered a “system”?

Because safety depends on farmers, processors, inspectors, and consumers working together.