Smartwork Chapter 16-21 Biology Midterm 3

Cell division

The reproduction of cells.

Chromosomes compaction

The process in which chromosomes become tightly compacted.

Karyotype

A photographic representation of the chromosomes.

Sister chromatids

The two copies of a replicated chromosome that are still joined to each other.

Chromosome numbering

The numbering of chromosomes based on their size.

Reproduction

The process of creating new cells.

Autosomes

The 22 different types of chromosomes in humans, excluding the sex chromosomes are called?

Diameter

The increased size of chromosomes when they become more tightly compacted.

46 chromosomes

The total number of chromosomes in a human cell.

Karyotype

The visual appearance of the full complement of chromosomes in a cell.

one set of chromosomes

In sexual reproduction in eukaryotes, does each parent contribute one or two sets of chromosomes?

Sister chromatids

The two copies of a replicated chromosome.

Diploid or 2n

When the cells of an organism carry two sets of chromosomes.

Chromosome numbering

The numbering of chromosomes based on their size.

n

The letter used in genetics to refer to a set of chromosomes.

22

The number of different types of autosomes in humans.

Gametes

Sperm and egg cells.

46

The number of chromosomes in a human cell.

Homologs

The members of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism.

Diploid organism

An organism that carries two sets of chromosomes.

The cell cycle

The sequence of growth, replication, and division that produces new cells.

n

The letter used to represent a set of chromosomes in genetics.

Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

The stages of the cell cycle.

Gametes

Sperm and egg cells.

G1, S, G2, M

The stages of the cell cycle.

G1

A phase in which a cell grows and becomes committed to divide.

S

The phase in which chromosomes are replicated.

G2

A phase in which a cell makes proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division.

M phase

The phase in which a cell divides into two daughter cells.

Homologues or homologs

The two members of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism.

Chromosomes

The structures that are copied and grow during interphase in preparation for cell division.

Homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have very similar DNA sequences.

G0

The non-dividing stage of the cell cycle.

The cell cycle

The sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division in multicellular eukaryotic organisms.

G1

The phase in which a cell accumulates changes that might cause it to progress through the rest of the cell cycle.

G1, S, G2, Interphase, M

The phases of the cell cycle.

G1

The phase in which cell growth primarily occurs.

G1 phase

The longest phase in the cell cycle.

S phase

The phase in which chromosome replication occurs.

M phase

The shortest phase in the cell cycle.

G2 phase

The phase in which cells produce proteins for chromosome sorting and cell division.

10-24 hours

The range of the cell cycle duration in fast-dividing adult cells in mammals.

Mitosis

The first part of the M phase in which the chromosomes are divided equally between two daughter nuclei.

Divide or split

What are the two possible outcomes for a cell based on external and internal factors.

Nuclear genome

The genetic material contained within the nucleus of a cell.

Kinase

The protein responsible for advancing a cell through the cell cycle.

M or mitotic phase

The shortest phase in the cell cycle.

Cyclins

The proteins necessary for the activation of kinases controlling the cell cycle.

It varies considerably among different cell types of an individual

The true statement about the length of the cell cycle.

Cell cycle control molecules and checkpoints

The internal factors that affect cell division.

Cell division

The process that follows a highly regulated sequence of growth, DNA replication, and division.

G1 cyclin

The cyclin made in response to sufficient nutrients and growth factors.

Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases

The two proteins responsible for advancing a cell through the phases of the cell cycle.

Mitotic cyclin

The ___ cyclin that accumulates late in G2 and forms a complex needed to advance the cell into the M phase.

cyclins

In order to be active, cdks must bind to proteins called ___.

Meiosis I

The first division of meiosis, which produces two nuclei with half the number of sister chromatids.

Reduction

Meiosis I is said to be a ___division because it reduces the number of sister chromatids in each nucleus.

Metaphase I

The phase of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes align along the center of the cell as bivalents or tetrads.

Cytokinesis

The process that follows meiosis I, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate cells.

Random alignment

The metaphase I event that provides a mechanism for vast genetic diversity by the ___ ___ of homologous chromosomes.

Meiosis II

The second division of meiosis, which is similar to mitosis but starts with a different chromosome content.

Anaphase I

The phase of meiosis where homologous pairs of chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase I

The phase of meiosis where the homologs arrive at their respective poles and the nuclear envelope reforms to produce two separate nuclei.

Anaphase II

The phase of meiosis where sister chromatids are separated.

Haploid nuclei

The end result of meiosis I, where two ___ are produced from an original diploid cell.

Sister chromatids

What is separated during mitosis and meiosis?

Cytokinesis only

The process that occurs between the first and second meiotic divisions.

True

Meiosis II and mitosis have similar sorting events but different starting points.

Anaphase

The phase of meiosis I where homologues are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell.

Prior to mitosis and prior to meiosis

DNA replication occurs during the interphase of the cell cycle.

Anaphase II

The phase of meiosis where the sister chromatids are separated.

Crossing over occurs in meiosis but not normally in mitosis, and sister chromatids are separated during both mitosis and meiosis.

What statement correctly compares mitosis and meiosis?

Bivalents

Crossing over rarely occurs during mitosis but is common in meiosis because homologues synapse to form ___only during prophase of meiosis I.

Four daughter cells that are haploid

The end result of meiosis II after cytokinesis.

False

DNA replication occurs in the S phase of interphase, which falls between meiosis I and meiosis II.

Gametes

A zygote is created when two haploid cells, called ___, fuse.

synapse

Crossing over occurs commonly during meiosis but rarely during mitosis because during prophase of meiosis I, the homologues ___ to form bivalents. 

Diploid-dominant species

Animals are viewed as diploid-dominant species because most species are diploid and their haploid gametes are considered a specialized type of cell.

Reproductive cells, Haploid reproductive cells unite to form a diploid zygote, Meiosis of the zygote produces 4 haploid spores, Repeated mitotic cell divisions produce a haploid multicellular organism.

Put the events that occur during the fungal life cycle in the correct order. Begin at the top with the production of reproductive cells.

It involves lots of time and energy, It requires specialized body parts

The main disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

Life cycle

The sequence of events that produces another generation of organisms.

Zygote

When two haploid gametes unite, they create a diploid cell called a ___.

Meiosis

The process during the life cycle of a diploid animal that produces haploid gametes.

Sexual reproduction

The process in which two haploid gametes unite to form a diploid zygote.

Diploid-dominant

Animals are viewed as ___-___ species because most species are diploid and their haploid gametes are considered a specialized type of cell.

Production of reproductive cells, Haploid reproductive cells unite to form a diploid zygote, Meiosis of the zygote produces four haploid spores, Repeated mitotic cell divisions produce a haploid multicellular organism

The events that occur during the fungal life cycle in the correct order.

Pairs, chains, and clumps

Individual bacterial cells may exist as single units or remain associated with each other after cell division as?

1 to 4

The typical number of identical chromosomes in a bacterium.

Nucleoid region

The area of the bacterial cell where the chromosome is tightly packed.

Has direct contact with the cytoplasm, Localized to a nucleoid region

Statements about the bacterial chromosome.

Unicellular and widespread on Earth

The best description of bacteria.

Circular chromosomes and several thousand genes

Characteristics of a typical bacterial genome include?

loop and supercoiling

The compaction of a bacterial chromosome occurs by two processes: the formation of ___ domains and by DNA ___.

Average length of a bacterial chromosome

A few million base pairs is the?

Gene sequences

What is the largest part of bacterial DNA?

Figure representing chromosome compaction

A - Formation of loop domains, B - Loop domains, C - Proteins anchoring loops, D - Supercoiling

Origin of replication

The region that functions as the assembly site for the proteins required for DNA synthesis

Histone proteins

Involved in the compaction of eukaryotic DNA only

Bacterial chromosome compaction processes

Formation of loop domains and DNA supercoiling

Loop domains

What chromosomal segments fold into structures during bacterial chromosome compaction?