Cases

What principle was established by Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to strike down laws that violate the Constitution.

What was the main issue in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

The supremacy of federal laws over state laws and the implied powers of Congress.

What standard regarding free speech was introduced in Schenck v. United States (1919)?

The 'clear and present danger' standard.

What did the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ruling declare about public school segregation?

It declared the segregation of public schools unconstitutional.

What principle did Baker v. Carr (1962) address?

Legislative redistricting and the principle of 'one person, one vote'.

What did Engel v. Vitale (1962) rule about school prayer?

The practice of reciting a voluntary school prayer violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

Why was Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) significant?

It held that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel is applicable to state courts via the Fourteenth Amendment.

What student right was affirmed in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)?

Students' rights to free speech in schools.

What did New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) decide about government censorship?

The government could not impose prior restraint on the press.

What balance did Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) address?

The state's interest in educating children versus First Amendment rights of parents.

What issue was addressed in Shaw v. Reno (1993)?

Racial gerrymandering and Equal Protection Clause scrutiny.

What limitation was established in United States v. Lopez (1995) regarding congressional power?

It limited the scope of the Commerce Clause and congressional authority.

What did McDonald v. Chicago (2010) incorporate regarding individual rights?

The Second Amendment right to bear arms to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.

What was a key outcome of Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)?

Corporations cannot be limited in funding independent political broadcasts under the First Amendment.