History Paper One Practice Flashcards

A collection of vocabulary flashcards covering key medical periods, major thinkers, and healthcare developments from the Medieval period through the Modern era.

Bloodletting

A medical treatment involving cutting a vein to let the patient bleed.

Herbal remedies

Treatments using plants or plant-based substances.

Purging

A treatment that involves being sick to clear the body of illnesses.

Flagellating

The religious act of whipping oneself, used during the Black Death.

Bubonic plague

A form of the plague that offered a higher chance of survival.

Pneumonic plague

A form of the plague with no survival chance.

Vesalius

A key thinker who disproved $300$ of Galen's theories, wrote a book with detailed drawings, and believed doctors should perform dissections.

Thomas Sydenham

A doctor who promoted careful observation and wrote "Observationes Medicae", arguing that disease was not linked to a person's specific type.

William Harvey

He discovered that the heart acts as a pump for blood circulation, disproving Galen's theory that blood originated from the liver.

Crick and Watson

Scientists who discovered DNA in $1953$.

Paul Ehrlich

He discovered the first "magic bullet" in $1909$.

Alexander Fleming

The scientist who discovered penicillin in $1928$.

Florey and Chain

Individuals who produced penicillin for mass use by $1944$.

Human genome

The genetic material of an organism, which was mapped by the year $2000$.

Florence Nightingale

Author of "Notes on nursing" ($1859$) who significantly improved hospital conditions.

James Simpson

He discovered Chloroform as an anaesthetic in $1847$, though correct dosage was difficult to determine.

Joseph Lister

He introduced Carbolic acid as an antiseptic in $1865$.

Edward Jenner

The individual who developed the vaccination for smallpox in $1796$.

John Snow

He discovered the cause of cholera in $1848$.

Joseph Bazalgette

The engineer who designed the London sewer system in $1865$.

Thomas splint

A device used in WWI that stopped joints from moving, which increased survival rates.

Miasma

A medieval theory that illness was caused by bad air or smells.

Theory of 4 humours

A theory proposed by Hippocrates suggesting illness was caused by unbalanced liquids in the body.

Galen

A medieval authority who wrote $290$ books, developed the "Theory of opposites", and was accepted by the church.

Physician

A person qualified to practice medicine after $10$ years of training, who typically treated the rich.

Apothecaries

Individuals who prepared and sold medicine and drugs, usually trained through apprenticeships.

Barber Surgeons

The most common practitioners who had no formal training and performed minor procedures like bloodletting.

Wise Woman

A healer with no formal training whose knowledge was passed down; they were usually the first person contacted by the poor.

Printing press

An invention from $1440$ that allowed for the rapid spread of new medical ideas.

Royal Society

An organization founded in $1660$ that discussed new ideas in medicine and science, supported by King Charles II.

Spontaneous generation

A theory suggesting that non-living things like rubbish caused disease.

Louis Pasteur

Scientist who developed the Germ Theory in $1861$.

Robert Koch

He built on Germ Theory by discovering microbes in $1867$.

Magic bullet

A chemical cure that attacks microbes while leaving the rest of the body unharmed.

Gangrene

A condition where the body decomposes due to loss of blood.

Underground hospital in Arras

A hospital built in tunnels near the front line in WWI containing space for $700$ stretchers, an operating theatre, mortuary, electricity, and piped water.