vitamins, minerals, & hormone influences on metabolism

what are the fat-soluble vitamins, and are they toxic if taken in excess?

vitamin A (retinol), vitamin D (antirachitic factor), vitamin E (antisterility factor), and vitamin K (coagulation vitamin)

• yes, toxic if taken in excess

what are the water-soluble vitamins, and are they toxic if taken in excess?

vitamin C (ascorbic acid), vitamin B₁ (thiamine), vitamin B₂ (riboflavin), niacin (nicotinamide), and folic acid (folacin)

• non-toxic if taken in excess, it is secreted via urine

vitamin A full name, and deficiency problems

retinol

• deficiency: night blindness & dry skin

  • in pregnant women this can lead to developmental defects of the embryo

vitamin D full name, and deficiency problems

antirachitic factor

• deficiency: rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults; poor muscle tone

vitamin E full name, and deficiency problems

antisterility factor

• deficiency: hemolysis of RBCs

vitamin K full name, and deficiency problems

coagulation vitamin

• deficiency: bleeding, prolonged clotting time

vitamin C full name, and deficiency problems

ascorbic acid

• joint pains, poor tooth and bone growth; increased susceptibility to infection; scurvy

vitamin B₁ full name, and deficiency problems

thiamine

• deficiency: beriberi; vision disturbances; loss of memory; heart enlargement, tachycardia

vitamin B₂ full name, and deficiency problems

riboflavin

• deficiency: dermatitis; light sensitivity, blurred vision

vitamin niacin full name, and deficiency problems

nicotinamide

• deficiency: pellagra; photosensitivity; skin becomes rough

vitamin folic acid full name, and deficiency problems

folacin

• deficiency: macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia; gastrointestinal disturbances; diarrhea; spina bifida; low birth weight and disabling neurological deficits

vitamin B₆ full name, and deficiency problems

pyridoxine

• deficiency in infants: anemia

  • in adults: seborrhea lesions around eyes and mouth

vitamin biotin deficiency problems

scaly skin, muscular pains, elevated blood cholesterol levels

vitamin B₁₂ full name, and deficiency problems

cyanocobalamin

• deficiency: pernicious anemia, weight loss

consequence of low sodium levels (hyponatremia)

neurologic dysfunction; mental confusion; coma; twitching; irritability; decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock)

consequence of low potassium levels (hypokalemia)

cardiac arrhythmias, possible cardiac arrest; muscular weakness; alkalosis (decreased pCO2 and increased pH); hypoventilation

consequence of low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia)

tremors; increased neuromuscular excitability; convulsions; irregular heartbeat; sudden cardiac death

consequences of low chloride levels (hypochloremia)

metabolic acidosis (decreased bicarbonate & decreased pH) due to bicarbonate retention

consequences of low calcium levels (hypocalcemia)

muscle tetany; osteomalacia, osteoporosis; retarded growth and rickets in children

consequences of low phosphorus levels

rickets, poor growth

consequences of low cobalt levels

same as deficit in vitamin B₁₂

• pernicious anemia & weight loss

consequences of low chromium levles

risk of adult onset diabetes mellitus

which hormones stimulate protein synthesis (anabolic)

insulin, growth hormone, thyroxine, & testosterone

which hormones stimulate glycogenolysis

glucagon & epinephrine

which hormones stimulate lipolysis and fat mobilization

epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine, and cortisol

which hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis

glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, & cortisol

which hormone stimulates protein breakdown (catabolic)?

cortisol

what space is Na+ highest and lowest in

highest in blood plasma, lowest in intracellular fluid

what space is K+ highest and lowest in

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in interstitial fluid

what space is Ca2+ highest and lowest in

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in interstitial fluid

what space is Mg2+ highest and lowest in

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in interstitial fluid

what space is HCO3- highest and lowest in

highest in interstitial fluid, lowest in intracellular fluid

what space is Cl- highest and lowest in

highest in interstitial fluid, lowest in intracellular fluid

what space is HPO42- highest and lowest in

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in both interstitial fluid & blood plasma

what space is SO42- highest and lowest in?

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in both interstitial fluid & blood plasma

what space are protein anions highest and lowest in

highest in intracellular fluid, lowest in blood plasma

what space are organic acids highest and lowest in

highest in interstitial fluid, lowest in intracellular fluid