AP Euro Unit 9 Practice Flashcards: Chapters 28-30

A set of 50 vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Chapters 28, 29, and 30 of the AP Euro curriculum, spanning the Cold War, the challenge to the postwar order, and the age of globalization.

Cold War

The ideological, political, and economic conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union from $1945$ to $1991$, characterized by a lack of direct military conflict between the two superpowers.

Displaced persons

Postwar refugees, including Holocaust survivors, freed prisoners of war, and forced laborers, who were unable or unwilling to return to their home countries after World War II.

Nuremberg Trials

An international military tribunal that tried high-ranking Nazi officials for war crimes and crimes against humanity, establishing the principle of individual accountability for state-directed atrocities.

Yalta Conference agreements

The $1945$ meeting between Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill to plan the postwar world, resulting in the division of Germany and the Soviet promise of free elections in Eastern Europe.

Truman Doctrine

A US policy established to contain communism by providing military and economic aid to nations threatened by Soviet expansion, specifically initiated to support Greece and Turkey.

Marshall Plan

The American initiative to provide over $13$ billion dollars in economic aid to rebuild Western European economies after World War II to prevent the spread of communism.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)

An economic organization established in $1949$ by the Soviet Union to coordinate the economies of the Eastern Bloc states as a response to the Marshall Plan.

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a mutual defense alliance formed in $1949$ by Western nations to provide collective security against potential Soviet aggression.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in $1955$ by the Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe as a strategic counter-response to the integration of West Germany into NATO.

Economic miracle

The rapid economic reconstruction and growth of Western European nations, particularly West Germany, during the $1950s$ and $1960s$.

Christian Democrats

Center-right political parties that rose to prominence in postwar Europe, advocating for democracy, social reform, and traditional values while opposing communism.

Common Market

The European Economic Community (EEC) created by the Treaty of Rome in $1957$ to reduce trade barriers and integrate the economies of its member states.

Socialist Realism

The official state-sanctioned artistic style in the Soviet Union that required artists to depict communist ideals and the lives of the working class in a heroic and positive manner.

de-Stalinization

The policy of liberalization and reform in the Soviet Union initiated by Nikita Khrushchev to denounce the cult of personality and crimes of Joseph Stalin.

Decolonization

The postwar process by which European imperial powers lost control of their colonies in Africa and Asia, leading to the establishment of independent nations.

Nonalignment

The policy adopted by many newly independent nations to remain neutral and avoid formal alliances with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Mohandas Gandhi

The leader of the Indian independence movement who utilized nonviolent civil disobedience to gain independence from British rule in $1947$.

Founding of Israel

The establishment of a Jewish state in $1948$ within the former British Mandate of Palestine, leading to immediate conflict with neighboring Arab nations.

Neocolonialism

The use of economic, political, or cultural pressures by powerful nations to influence or control former colonies and other developing countries.

Guest worker programs

Government-sponsored initiatives in Western Europe during the $1950s$ and $1960s$ to recruit foreign laborers to address labor shortages caused by the postwar economic boom.

Postcolonial migrations

The postwar movement of people from former colonies to their former imperial capitals, significantly altering the ethnic and cultural composition of European societies.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of 'Eastern Policy' in the late $1960s$ aimed at normalizing relations between West Germany and the nations of the Soviet Bloc.

Detente

A period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the $1970s$.

Second Vatican Council

A landmark series of meetings of Catholic Church leaders ($1962-1965$) that modernized the liturgy and reformed the Church's approach to the modern world.

New Left

A diverse political movement in the $1960s$ focusing on social issues, civil rights, and opposition to the Vietnam War, distinct from traditional labor-focused socialist parties.

Brezhnev Doctrine

The Soviet foreign policy asserting that the USSR had the right to intervene in any socialist country where communist rule was under threat.

OPEC

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, a cartel that coordinates oil policies and significantly impacted the global economy through oil embargoes in the $1970s$.

Stagflation

An economic condition characterized by stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation, which afflicted many Western nations in the $1970s$.

Postindustrial society

A society in which the economy is based more on the provision of services, information, and high technology than on traditional heavy industry and manufacturing.

Neoliberalism

An economic philosophy popularized in the $1980s$ that advocates for free-market capitalism, deregulation, and the reduction of government spending on social services.

Privatization

The transfer of state-owned industries and assets to private ownership, a central component of neoliberal economic reforms.

Second-wave feminism

A feminist movement beginning in the $1960s$ that expanded its focus beyond suffrage to include issues like workplace discrimination, reproductive rights, and gender roles.

Developed socialism

A term used by Soviet-bloc leaders in the $1970s$ to describe a stage of communist society that claimed to have achieved stability and high living standards.

Solidarity

The independent Polish trade union led by Lech Wałęsa that became a massive social movement against communist rule in the $1980s$.

Perestroika

Mikhail Gorbachev's program of 'restructuring' the Soviet economy to incorporate limited market reforms and increase efficiency.

Glasnost

Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of 'openness' aimed at increasing transparency in the Soviet government and allowing greater freedom of speech and the press.

Velvet Revolution

The peaceful, non-violent transition of power in Czechoslovakia in $1989$ that resulted in the collapse of communist rule and the establishment of a democratic government.

Shock therapy

The rapid transition of an economy from state-controlled planning to a free-market system, applied in post-Soviet Russia and parts of Eastern Europe.

Color Revolutions

A series of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that occurred in various former Soviet republics, such as Ukraine and Georgia, during the early $21st$ century.

Ethnic cleansing

The systematic and forced removal or extermination of an ethnic or religious group from a territory, most notably during the Yugoslav Wars of the $1990s$.

Globalization

The increasing integration and interdependence of national economies, cultures, and populations through international trade, technology, and communication.

European Union

A political and economic union of European countries that grew out of the Common Market to foster deep integration, including a common currency and shared laws.

Maastricht Treaty

The $1992$ treaty that officially established the European Union and set the requirements for the creation of the euro currency.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

An international organization established to supervise and liberalize global trade by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements and resolving disputes.

Multiculturalism

A policy or social philosophy that encourages diverse ethnic, racial, and cultural groups to maintain their distinct identities within a single society.

War on terror

An international military and political campaign launched by the United States after the September $11$, $2001$ attacks to eliminate terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda.

Arab Spring

A wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings across the Middle East and North Africa that began in late $2010$, challenging authoritarian regimes.

Islamic State

A radical Sunni militant group that seized large portions of Iraq and Syria in $2014$, declaring a caliphate and employing extreme violence.

Brexit

The withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union following a national referendum held in $2016$.

Climate change

The long-term shift in global temperatures and weather patterns, largely attributed to human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect.